Lateral sulcus

Lateral sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Details
Identifiers
Latinfissura lateralis cerebri
sulcus lateralis cerebri
fissura Sylvii
NeuroNames49
NeuroLex IDbirnlex_1487
TA98A14.1.06.006
A14.1.09.104
TA25436, 5877
FMA77801
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The lateral sulcus (also called Sylvian fissure or lateral fissure) is one of the most prominent features of the human brain. The lateral sulcus is a deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe. The insular cortex lies deep within the lateral sulcus.

Anatomy

The lateral sulcus divides both the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below. It is in both hemispheres of the brain. The lateral sulcus is one of the earliest-developing sulci of the human brain. It first appears around the fourteenth gestational week.[1]

The insular cortex lies deep within the lateral sulcus.[2]

The lateral sulcus has a number of side branches. Two of the most prominent and most regularly found are the ascending (also called vertical) ramus and the horizontal ramus of the lateral fissure, which subdivide the inferior frontal gyrus. The lateral sulcus also contains the transverse temporal gyri, which are part of the primary and below the surface auditory cortex.

Due to a phenomenon called the Yakovlevian torque, the lateral sulcus is often longer and less curved on the left hemisphere than on the right.

It is also located near the Sylvian point.

The area lying around the Sylvian fissure is often referred to as the perisylvian cortex.[3]

The human secondary somatosensory cortex (S2, SII) is a functionally-defined region of cortex in the parietal operculum on the ceiling of the lateral sulcus.

Discovery

The first depiction of the lateral sulcus (in its top right side) in 1600 in the Tabulae Pictae 112.10 by Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente .

The cerebral cortex was not depicted in a realistic manner until the 17th century with the Sylvian fissure being first accurately painted by Girolamo Fabrici d'Acquapendente in 1600 to provide plates for his Tabulae Pictae.[4][5][6]

The engraving by J. Voort Kamp published in 1641 that led to the lateral sulcus being named after Franciscus Sylvius

Its first description is traditionally taken to be in 1641, possibly by Caspar Bartholin, where its discovery was attributed to Franciscus Sylvius (1614–1672), professor of medicine at Leiden University in the book Casp. Bartolini Institutiones Anatomicae where it is noted that "F.S. [F.S. probably refers to Franciscus Sylvius] If you examine the indentations which are represented in Figure 5 quite attentively, you will notice that they are very deep and that the brain is divided from one side to the other by the 'anfractuosa fissura,' which starts in the front part near the ocular roots, and from there moves backwards above the base of the spinal cord, following the temporal bones, and it divides the upper part of the brain from the lower."[4]

It seems likely, however, that, since Caspar Bartholin died in 1629 and Franciscus Sylvius only started medicine in 1632, these words are by either Caspar's son Thomas Bartholin or Franciscus Sylvius himself. In 1663 in his Disputationem Medicarum, Sylvius described the lateral fissure: "Particularly noticeable is the deep fissure or hiatus which begins at the roots of the eyes (oculorum radices) . . . it runs posteriorly above the temples as far as the roots of the brain stem (medulla radices). . . . It divides the cerebrum into an upper, larger part and a lower, smaller part".[4]

Right: Red cloak as lateral view of the human brain

Pop musician David Bowie referred to depth psychologist Carl Jung as "...crashing out with Sylvian" in his lyrics to "Drive In Saturday" released on his 1973 album Aladdin Sane. In 2015,[7] artist Tanja Stark suggested Bowie had drawn a cryptic link between Jung's waking hallucinatory visions (see The Red Book) and the Sylvian fissure, a region discovered by that time to produce hallucinogenic visions and ‘paranormal’ perceptions when electrically stimulated and, presciently in 2006, to generate what neurologists called an ‘illusory shadow person’ or doppelgänger phenomenon; themselves highly charged and recurring Bowie archetypes (Penfield [8] 1955; Arzy et al., 2006[9]). Stark notes another song on that album "Oh You Pretty Things" sings of the hallucinatory spectre of .."a crack in the sky and a hand reaching down to me", evoking the iconic imagery of Michelangelo's painting The Creation of Adam. Stark observes that the American Medical Journal reported that Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam appears to conform deliberately to the neuroanatomical shape of the brain, its Sylvian fissure clearly evident, suggesting Michelangelo may have intentionally conflated theology with neurology ([10] Meshberger 1990: 1837). Others though, have likened the cloak to the uterus and umbilical cord.[11]

Additional images

References

  1. ↑ Jee G. Chi; Elizabeth C. Dooling; Floyd H. Gilles (January 1977). "Gyral development of the human brain". Annals of Neurology. 1 (1): 86–93. doi:10.1002/ana.410010109. PMID 560818. Archived from the original on 2012-12-16.
  2. ↑ Carpenter, Malcolm (1985). Core text of neuroanatomy (3rd ed.). Williams & Wilkins. p. 22. ISBN 0683014552.
  3. ↑ Courten Norbury: Understanding Developmental Language Disorders: From Theory to Practice 2008, p. 63
  4. 1 2 3 Collice, M; Collice, R; Riva, A. (2008). "Who discovered the sylvian fissure?". Neurosurgery. 63 (4): 623–8. doi:10.1227/01.NEU.0000327693.86093.3F. PMID 18981875.
  5. ↑ Zanchin, G.; De Caro, R. (Oct 2006). "The nervous system in colours: the tabulae pictae of G.F. d'Acquapendente (ca. 1533-1619)". J Headache Pain. 7 (5): 360–6. doi:10.1007/s10194-006-0340-0. PMC 3468184. PMID 17058037.
  6. ↑ Riva, A. (Sep 2007). "G.F. d'Acquapendente tabulae pictae on the nervous system". J Headache Pain. 8 (4): 253–4, author reply 255–6. doi:10.1007/s10194-007-0408-5. PMC 3451669. PMID 17906833.
  7. ↑ Stark, Tanja (2015) “Crashing Out with Sylvian: David Bowie, Carl Jung and the Unconscious” in Eoin Devereux, Martin Power and Aileen Dillane (Eds.) David Bowie: Critical Perspectives.Routledge.
  8. ↑ Penfield, Wilder; Faulk Jr, Marshall (1955). "The insula. Further observations on its function', Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery". Brain. 78 (4): 445–471. doi:10.1093/brain/78.4.445. PMID 13293263.
  9. ↑ Shahar, Arzy; Seeck, Margitta; Ortigue, Stephanie; Laurent Spinelli, L; Blanke, Olaf (2006). "Induction of an Illusory Shadow Person". Nature. 443 (7109): 287. doi:10.1038/443287a. PMID 16988702.
  10. ↑ Meshberger, Frank Lynn (1990). "An Interpretation of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam Based on Neuroanatomy". JAMA. 264 (14): 1837–41. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450140059034. PMID 2205727.
  11. ↑ Di Bella, Stefano (2015). "The "Delivery" of Adam: A Medical Interpretation of Michelangelo". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 90 (4): 505–508. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.02.007. PMID 25841253.
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