VCU Medical Center

VCU Medical Center
Virginia Commonwealth University
Sanger Hall, part of the VCU medical campus
Geography
LocationRichmond, Virginia, U.S.
Coordinates37°32′25″N 77°25′48″W / 37.54028°N 77.43000°W / 37.54028; -77.43000
History
Construction started1838 (1838)
Links
Websitewww.vcuhealth.org
ListsHospitals in U.S.

The VCU Medical Center is Virginia Commonwealth University's medical campus located in downtown Richmond, Virginia, in the Court End neighborhood. VCU Medical Center used to be known as the Medical College of Virginia (MCV), which merged with the Richmond Professional Institute in 1968 to create Virginia Commonwealth University. In the 1990s, the Medical College of Virginia Hospitals Authority was created to oversee MCV Hospitals. In 2004, the name of this authority was changed to the VCU Health System, and the MCV Hospitals and surrounding campus were named the VCU Medical Center. The authority oversees the employees and real estate occupied by the five schools within the VCU Medical Center. It was at this time that the MCV Campus moniker was created.

West Hospital houses various clinical, administrative, and support services of the hospitals of the VCU Medical Center; clinical, academic, and administrative units of the School of Medicine; and academic and administrative units of the School of Allied Health Professions.[1] In addition to the adult hospital, Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU is located on the campus. Today the VCU Medical Center is composed of the hospitals and five schools—College of Health Professions, School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, School of Nursing, School of Pharmacy—and is located on the MCV Campus, adjacent to the Virginia BioTechnology Research Park.

The VCU Medical Center

VCU Medical Center has 865 licensed beds with a total of 85,700 emergency room visits in 2012. There were 558,385 outpatient clinic visits and a total of 20,506 surgeries.[2]

Academic rankings

School of Allied Health Professions[3]

  • 1st – Nurse Anesthesia
  • 3rd – Health Services Administration
  • 7th – Rehabilitation Counseling
  • 15th – Occupational Therapy
  • 19th – Physical Therapy

School of Nursing[3]

  • 36th – Nursing

School of Medicine[3]

  • 72nd – Research
  • 49th – Primary Care

School of Pharmacy[3]

  • 21st – Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science
  • 17th – Pharmacy

Hospital rankings

  • 2nd – Overall hospital ranking in the state of Virginia[4]
  • 44th – Cardiology [4]
  • 29th – Pediatric Urology (CHoR) [4]
  • 46th – Urology [4]
  • 38th – Cancer[5]
  • 41st – Heart & Heart Surgery[5]
  • 20th – Rehabilitation[5]
  • 36th – Kidney Disorders[5]

Expansion

New construction

New Children's Hospital – The new children's tower, previously referred to as the "Wonder Tower" opened on April 30, 2023.[6] The new facility will house 72 private rooms; an emergency department; expanded child life services; family amenities; additional operating rooms and imaging capabilities.[7]

Recently constructed

  • Massey Cancer Center – An 80,000-square-foot (7,400 m2), $41.8 million building, with 72 research labs and a two-level, 109-car parking lot[8]
  • Critical Care Hospital – Central Virginia's only level-one trauma center, the 15-story Critical Care Hospital specializes in intensive care[8]
  • Medical Sciences Building II – a 125,000 square feet (11,600 m2) research lab[8]
  • W. Baxter Perkinson Jr Building – School of Dentistry. A 54,000 square feet (5,000 m2) addition to the School of Dentistry on Leigh Street that houses research, clinic and teaching space[8]
  • New School of Nursing – an additional 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) of research and training space for the VCU nursing program[8]
  • MCV Campus Recreation Center – a 31,000 square feet (2,900 m2) addition to the Recreation and Aquatic Center[8]
  • Larrick Student Center – renovated MCV campus dining court[8]

History of the VCU Medical Center

VCU created an online timeline, now at Archive.org, that goes from 1838 to 2009.[9]

Founding

On December 1, 1837, the president and trustees of Hampden–Sydney College created a medical department to be located at Richmond.[10]

Founders of the college

  • Dr. Richard Lafon Bohannan – Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children[11]
  • Dr. Lewis Webb Chamberlayne – Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics[12]
  • Dr. John Cullen – Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine[11]
  • Dr. Augustus Lockman Warner – Dean and Professor of Surgery and Surgical Anatomy[11]
  • Dr. Socrates Maupin – Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy[12]
  • Dr. Thomas Johnson – Professor of Anatomy and Physiology[12]

First year

Finished in 1845, the first MCV building was built in the Egyptian-revival style

MCV opened on November 5, 1838, in the old Union Hotel located at the corner of Nineteenth and Main streets.[13]

The college began as the Medical Department of Hampden-Sydney College. There were forty-six students enrolled in the first class, which lasted from November 5, 1838 – April 4, 1839.[14] Students paid $20 to the professors for each of the six courses.[15]

1850–1861

The Medical Department of Hampden-Sydney College received an independent charter from the General Assembly in 1854, and became the Medical College of Virginia (MCV) Shortly thereafter, in 1860, it transferred all its property to the Commonwealth and became a state institution.[16] There had not been a separate hospital where patients could be housed within the college buildings since the beginning. A new hospital, known as the College Infirmary, was built at a cost of $22,336.57 and opened in April, 1861.[17]

Civil War

Soon the Civil War erupted, and the college found itself playing an important role in the education of Confederate surgeons and in the hospital care of sick and wounded military personnel.[18] During the war, the school remained open, and it graduated a class every year throughout the conflict. The MCV is the only Southern medical school still in existence to have done so.[19]

1866–1882

Solomon Marable's body was found packed into a barrel of salt for preservation in the dissection room.

For several years after the Civil War, the faculty included James Brown McCaw, a member of a family long prominent in the medical field, who had commanded a Confederate hospital.[20] McCaw served as a professor, dean of the faculty, and president of the board of visitors.[20] The youngest of McCaw's nine children, Walter McCaw, was gifted academically and completed his medical degree at the Virginia College of Medicine in 1882, when he was only nineteen.[20]

In 1867, the college's first outpatient clinic was established, when the faculty agreed to cooperate with the Freedmen's Bureau and the City of Richmond in the establishment of a "dispensary for the relief of the sick poor, both white and colored."[21]

In the late 1800s, African-American janitor Chris Baker became notorious for obtaining cadavers for dissection by students. One case in 1898 was subject to an exposé by Richmond Planet publisher John Mitchell Jr. and included grisly sketches of the proceedings. Baker's success, however, led to one professor saying in 1898 that the school could be called "Chris Baker's College".[22][23]

The University College of Medicine

A second medical school, the "College of Physicians and Surgeons" (later the "University College of Medicine"), was founded by Dr. Hunter McGuire in 1893, just two blocks from the Egyptian Building.[24] The new college was composed of three schools: medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy. The University College of Medicine was destined to have a lifespan of only twenty years as an independent institution. The Flexner Report of 1909 suggested that the two schools would be better off merging, which they then did in 1913, retaining the Medical College of Virginia name.[25]

1913 Rankings with Dr. Christopher Tompkins

Dean Tompkins said in his retirement speech in 1913, "From a school whose matriculants numbered, as I can remember it, 22 during the session and whose standing amongst medical colleges in the country was so insignificant that it was not worth noticing, the matriculants have increased to—in one session—as many as 306. In a recent table compiled in December 1911, from the reports of the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association, it was found that of all the medical colleges in the United States and taking them in the order in which their graduates passed the various medical examining boards, the Medical College of Virginia stood fourth; the order in which they came being, (1) Rush, (2) Johns Hopkins, (3) Cornell, (4) Medical College of Virginia, and about one hundred and forty behind them."[26]

Aborted consolidation with the University of Virginia

In 1920, a discussion that had gone on for years without resolution of the issues involved was revived. Repeatedly, the view had been expressed that the Medical College of Virginia and the University of Virginia Department of Medicine might well be consolidated with benefit both to the schools and to the public. In 1867, 1905, and 1913, the question had been raised; and, finally, in 1920 a serious study was undertaken. In reviewing appropriations, Governor Westmoreland Davis noted that Virginia was supporting two medical schools, seemingly in competition, and surmised that this might well be uneconomic, particularly at a time when money was tight.

Acting on the Governor's recommendation, the General Assembly authorized a Commission on Medical Education. The commission made a thorough study that recommended that Virginia support only one medical school; that this school be in Richmond; that it be the Department of Medicine of the University of Virginia under the full and sole control of the Rector and Visitors of the university; and that the plan be effective upon the unconditional transfer of all Medical College of Virginia properties and assets to the Rector and Visitors of the university. The Board of Visitors of the Medical College of Virginia was in favor, and by resolution determined that the college would willingly embrace the plan should the commission's recommendations be accepted by the legislature.

Instead, the alumni of the university, under the leadership of the eminent Dr. Hugh H. Young, of Johns Hopkins Medical School, waged a campaign to preserve the medical school at Charlottesville. The report was approved overwhelmingly in the House but died by a 24-16 tally in the Senate. In view of the state's growth, the action of the Senate was fortunate. Had the report won approval, Virginia would have found herself today facing the need to establish another medical school, with a minimum price tag of 30 million dollars. The issue of consolidation was to rise again, in 1947, but only briefly, as the handwriting on the wall was by that time quite clear.[27]

The Great Depression and expansion

The West Hospital in Richmond, Virginia, circa 1942

The Great Depression struck the college with perhaps more force than in the case of some other institutions. MCV was struggling to secure funds without which specialized structures and trained personnel, both expensive, could not be had. Plans laid prior to 1930 with early fruition apparently possible had to be put aside, notably the projected laboratory and outpatient building. Salaries, never high, had to be cut.[28]

However, by 1941 the modern 600-bed, 18-story MCV Hospital was completed; the Egyptian Building had been completely reconstructed to provide up-to-date facilities for the departments of bacteriology and pathology and to create the 300-seat Simon Baruch Auditorium, in the Egyptian motif, named for Dr. Simon Baruch, class of 1862, whose distinguished son, Bernard M. Baruch, helped make the restoration possible. Also by 1941, new quarters were provided for the departments of physiology and pharmacology by adding a fourth story to McGuire Hall. In the brief span of five years, a remarkable program of physical expansion had been completed.[29]

In 1945, a certificate in physical therapy program was created by Frances A. Hellebrandt[30]: 18 

1956–1963

The interest of individuals, organizations, and agencies, other than those of the Commonwealth, may be gauged by their provision, since 1956, of gifts, grants, and contracts for teaching, research, and capital improvements totaling a little over $15 million. Reflecting the stimulating influence of such support, the college is fully accredited, with university status, and alive with enthusiasm, as the faculty and staff go about their mission of providing for the education of some 1200 students enrolled in 10 schools—plus some 200 young physicians in residence for further training—of caring for the sick who occupy its 1308 beds, and, finally, of seeking new knowledge for their benefit.[31] In 1962, the college absorbed the black students from the St. Philip School of Nursing during the implementation of integration.[32] The $6.5 million Medical Education Building was completed in the summer of 1963. It was the most important addition to the physical plant of the college since the completion of the Medical College of Virginia Hospital in 1940. With the added facilities of this building, the school of medicine was able to increase enrolment from 84 to 128 students.[33]

Becoming VCU

In 1968, the state legislature merged the Medical College of Virginia with the Richmond Professional Institute to form Virginia Commonwealth University. During this merger, the agreement stipulated that the MCV would retain its name in perpetuity. The exact title by the act was "The Medical College of Virginia Health Sciences Division of Virginia Commonwealth University."

Envisioning a great urban university

At the 1969 convocation for VCU, Dr. Brandt envisioned a great urban university, stating, "we are caught up in a thing you might call the Virginia Commonwealth University Idea. It's an exciting concept....an academic approach without precedent, VCU will become a name that will mean a great deal to you in years to come...as one of the leading educational institutions."[34]

In 1983, the VCU Massey Cancer Center opens.

1994 Kontos Building construction and the discovery of the East Marshall Street Well

During the construction of the Kontos building, a well was accidentally uncovered which was found to be full of human remains.[35] The capping of the well dates to about 1860. The discarded remains belong to various individuals, mostly enslaved and free people of color, whose graves were robbed in order to supply the medical college with cadavers for medical study and training.[36] The medical college's primary source for obtaining cadavers from the time of its establishment until 1879 was the Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground. After its closure in June of that year, African American pauper burials were conducted at Oakwood Cemetery. Oakwood then became the new primary target of the grave robbers.[37]

From its beginning, the Medical College of Richmond, Virginia, boasted of its unique ability to acquire medical cadavers in abundance. It was routinely stated in their advertisements.[38][39][40] As such was the case in the May 11, 1838 edition of the Richmond Enquirer, which stated: "In no city in our Union are anatomical materials so abundant and easily procured as Richmond..."[41] What was not stated was that the anatomical material was acquired through participation in the illegal cadaver trade, through grave robbing. There were many persons involved in the practice of grave robbing for the medical college, including various hired resurrectionists, medical students, the demonstrator of anatomy, as well as the professor of anatomy.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]

2004 name change

The previous administration led by President Eugene P. Trani had pursued a policy of promoting the VCU name as a unified identity to the outside world. This policy had included directing faculty, staff, and students to use the VCU name, instead of MCV, in any official meetings or correspondence. This was accomplished by, first, the creation of the MCV Hospital Authority, ostensibly to better administer the MCV Hospitals, to a later name change of this Authority to the VCU Health System Authority (with MCV Hospitals being a component thereof). This Authority, under the direction of Sheldon Retchin MD, then went about changing the physical appearance of the structures and advertising materials, to include letterhead and websites. The faculty and medical students at that time were instructed to cease referring to the institution as the Medical College of Virginia. The main cited evidence for this was misrepresentation of the institution in the press. In 2004, Dr. Retchin sent an e-mail that described a 2003 front-page USA Today article that incorrectly referred to MCV as the "Virginia Medical College, a teaching arm of the University of Virginia", when in fact MCV is not a part of that university. The VCU Medical Center now resides on the MCV Campus of Virginia Commonwealth University. Since that time, the schools of that institution have been listed as a part of the VCU Medical Center rather than as a part of a university or college.

Research university

VCU expanded its research programs significantly over the decade since 2001 and has over $255 million in sponsored research. In 2010, VCU was selected by the NIH for a $20 million grant to become part of a nationwide consortium of research institutions working to turn laboratory discoveries into treatments for patients.[50]

In 2006, VCU Health System received magnet status.[51]

Architecture and design

  • Egyptian Building – The Egyptian Building was to fulfill "his highest conception of a building adapted in every way to the purposes for which it was dedicated." The structure was completed in 1845.[52] The building is unusual in having been constructed in the Egyptian Revival style. The only other university built in this style was the College of Cape Town, South Africa, now the University of Cape Town.
  • The Three Bears – The sculpture of the Three Bears, which now sits on the first floor of the Gateway Building, has served as an unofficial mascot and symbol for the MCV Hospitals for more than sixty years. Dr. William T. Sanger, President of the Medical College of Virginia from 1925 to 1956, saw the original sculpture of the bear group in January 1940. The bears, created by noted American sculptor Anna Hyatt Huntington, were displayed at Brookgreen Gardens, the renowned sculpture garden and nature retreat created in South Carolina by Huntington and her husband Archer Milton Huntington. Sanger thought the bears would make a nice addition to the entrance court for the new Medical College of Virginia Hospital on Broad Street, which opened in January 1941. Huntington agreed to make a copy of the bears, and she and her husband donated the sculpture to the Medical College of Virginia on October 9, 1941. The copy of the bears was cast in stone, not the original gray bronze, because the metal was unavailable due to the war conditions in Europe. Sanger believed that the bears were an appropriate subject for a sculpture at a medical institution.[53]
  • The West Hospital – built in 1941, the 18 story West Hospital has 600 beds and exemplifies art deco architecture.
  • The Centennial Dome – torn down in 2008 and replaced by the Larrick Student Center, the dome was built on the campus in 1961, was a major part of the city's commemoration of the centennial of the Civil War, and was operated by the Civil War Centennial Commission through 1965.[33]

References

  1. ↑ Times-Dispatch, TAMMIE SMITH Richmond. "VCU Health is new brand for VCU Medical Center". Richmond Times-Dispatch.
  2. ↑ "Fast Facts - Virginia Commonwealth University Health System". Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2013-07-23.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "VCU National Rankings". Archived from the original on 2006-11-28. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "VCU Medical Center ranked No. 1 in Richmond 10 years in a row by U.S. News & World Report". www.vcuhealth.org. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center Rankings - US News Best Hospitals". Archived from the original on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
  6. ↑ "No Small Wonder". Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU. Archived from the original on January 4, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  7. ↑ "Children's Hospital of Richmond at VCU | VCU Health | VCU Health". www.vcuhealth.org. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Venture Richmond - Virginia Commonwealth University". Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-02-16.
  9. ↑ "VCU Libraries | TML SC&A | MCV History Timeline". July 12, 2010. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
  10. ↑ Hoke 1963: 5
  11. 1 2 3 Hoke 1963: 6
  12. 1 2 3 Hoke 1963: 7
  13. ↑ Hoke 1963: 8
  14. ↑ Hoke 1963: 11
  15. ↑ Hoke 1963: 10
  16. ↑ Hoke 1963: 21
  17. ↑ Hoke 1963: 26
  18. ↑ Hoke 1963: 28
  19. ↑ Hoke 1963: 30
  20. 1 2 3 Phalen, James M. (October 1942). "Brigadier General Walter D. McCaw (1863-1939)". Army Medical Bulletin. Washington, DC: Office of the U.S. Surgeon General, U.S. Department of War. pp. 135–137 – via Google Books.
  21. ↑ Hoke 1963: 37
  22. ↑ Brooks, Vince (October 27, 2010). "Chris Baker: "Cheerful Among Corpses"". Out of the Box – Notes from the Archives @ the Library of Virginia. Library of Virginia. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  23. ↑ "Man and Barrel". Richmond Planet. August 1, 1896. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 17, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  24. ↑ Hoke 1963: 33
  25. ↑ Hoke 1963: 34
  26. ↑ Hoke 1963: 55
  27. ↑ Hoke 1963: 61
  28. ↑ Hoke 1963: 66
  29. ↑ Hoke 1963: 68
  30. ↑ Shall, Mary Snyder (2011). "Evolution of physical therapy at the Medical College of Virginia and Virginia Commonwealth University". Shall, Mary Snyder. 2011. Evolution of Physical Therapy at the Medical College of Virginia and Virginia Commonwealth University. [Richmond, Va.]: Vcu Creative Services. VCU Creative Services. doi:10.21974/138h-ew83. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  31. ↑ Hoke 1963: 83
  32. ↑ Winston, Bonnie V. (February 9, 2009). "Many black traditions are victims of desegregation". The Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  33. 1 2 Hoke 1963: 87
  34. ↑ Commonwealth Times 1969-09-24 :: Commonwealth Times Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine. Dig.library.vcu.edu (1969-09-24). Retrieved on 2013-08-21.
  35. ↑ VCU, Office of the President, East Marshall St. Well Project
  36. ↑ Griego, Tina, Richmond Magazine, "Into the Light" 09/05/2015
  37. ↑ The Portland Daily Press (Portland, ME), "Wholesale Body Snatchers", January 5, 1880
  38. ↑ Lynchburg Virginian, "Medical College, in Richmond, Virginia", August 1, 1839, Library of Congress, Chronicling America
  39. ↑ Richmond, Enquirer, "Richmond Medical College", August 2, 1842, Library of Congress, Chronicling America
  40. ↑ Richmond Daily Whig, "The Medical College of Virginia", September 30, 1859, Library of Congress, Chronicling America
  41. ↑ Richmond Enquirer,"Medical College of Virginia", May 11, 1838, Library of Congress, Chronicling America
  42. ↑ Mouer, McQueen, Smith & Thompson, United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form for the "Shockoe Hill Burying Ground Historic District", 2022
  43. ↑ Smith, Ryan K. "Disappearing The Enslaved: The Destruction and Recovery of Richmond's Second African Burial Ground", Buildings & Landscapes: Journal of the Vernacular Architecture Forum Vol. 27, No. 1 (Spring 2020), pp. 17-45, University of Minnesota Press.
  44. ↑ Smith, Ryan K. Death and Rebirth in a Southern City: Richmond's Historic Cemeteries, Johns Hopkins University Press (November 17, 2020), Johns Hopkins.
  45. ↑ Jones, Chip, "The Organ Thieves, The Shocking Story of the First Heart Transplant in the Segregated South", Gallery Books / Jeter Publishing, 2020
  46. ↑ VCU Health News Center, "VCU panels commemorate 19th-century human remains found in an MCV Campus well", September 24, 2021
  47. ↑ Utsey, Shawn, "Until the Well Runs Dry: Medicine and the Exploitation of Black Bodies", produced by Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of African American Studies and Burn Baby Burn Productions (United States: Privately Published, 2011)
  48. ↑ Koste, Jodi L., "Artifacts and Commingled Skeletal Remains from a Well on the Medical College of Virginia Campus: Anatomical and Surgical Training in Nineteenth-Century Richmond", Virginia Commonwealth University Archives.
  49. ↑ Lancaster Daily Intelligencer, (Lancaster, PA), "Sentence of Richmond Grave Robbers", December 19, 1882
  50. ↑ Buckley, Anne. (2011-01-27) VCU News Archived 2011-02-05 at the Wayback Machine. News.vcu.edu. Retrieved on 2013-08-21.
  51. ↑ "VCU Health System honored for Magnet designation – VCU News Center". Archived from the original on 2011-04-07. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
  52. ↑ Hoke 1963: 14
  53. ↑ "VCU Libraries | TML SC&A | The Three Bears". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-02-16.

Bibliography

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