Mismatch repair cancer syndrome

Mismatch repair cancer syndrome
Other names: Brain tumor-polyposis syndrome, Glioma-polyposis syndrome
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner
SpecialtyOncology

Mismatch repair cancer syndrome (MMRCS) is a cancer syndrome associated with biallelic DNA mismatch repair mutations.[1] It is also known as Turcot syndrome (after Jacques Turcot, who described the condition in 1959) and by several other names.[1]

In MMRCS, neoplasia typically occurs in both the gut and the central nervous system (CNS).[1] In the large intestine, multiple colonic polyps develop; in the CNS, brain tumors.

Signs and symptoms

The clinical presentation of this condition is as follows:[2]

  • Cafe-au-lait spot
  • Axillary freckling
  • Hyperpigmented spots
  • Leukemia

Genetics

Under the name constitutional mismatch repair-deficiency, (CMMR-D), it has been mapped to MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2.[3] Monoallelic mutations of these genes are observed in the condition known as Lynch syndrome or hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, while biallelic mutations are observed in CMMR-D.[4] People expressing the HNPCC (which itself is considered autosomal dominant) trait are considered carriers of CMMR-D, thus CMMR-D is classified as autosomal recessive.

The term "childhood cancer syndrome" has also been proposed.[5][6] Café-au-lait macules have been observed.[7]

Diagnosis

Childhood to early adult onset HNPCC + malignant gliomas. The polyps developed tend to be larger, fewer, and progress to malignancy earlier than those seen in familial adenomatous polyposis,[1] a clinically similar condition with different underlying mutations. Diagnostic testing consists of a blood sample being collected, and a genetic specialist compares two copies of a patient's gene to normal MMR genes. If there are differences in the genes, the specialists are able to further test and decide if the patient has the deficiency. [8]

Treatment

Left- Necrotic lymph node arrow; right after anti-PD-L1 inhibitor treatment

Treatment for Mismatch repair cancer syndrome is based on the symptoms of each individual, additionally surgery directed for the gastro-intestinal system is an option.[9]

History

OMIM currently includes "Turcot syndrome" under Mismatch repair cancer syndrome. Turcot syndrome is the association between familial polyposis of the colon and brain tumors[10] like medulloblastoma, malignant glioma. It was first reported by Canadian surgeon Jacques Turcot (1914-1977 ) et al. in 1959 and hence carries the first author's name.[11]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 276300
  2. ↑ "Turcot syndrome | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  3. ↑ Kratz CP, Holter S, Etzler J, Lauten M, Pollett A, Niemeyer CM, Gallinger S, Wimmer K (June 2009). "Rhabdomyosarcoma in patients with constitutional mismatch-repair-deficiency syndrome" (PDF). Journal of Medical Genetics. 46 (6): 418–20. doi:10.1136/jmg.2008.064212. PMID 19293170. S2CID 42347878. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-25. Retrieved 2021-08-10.
  4. ↑ Wimmer K, Etzler J (September 2008). "Constitutional mismatch repair-deficiency syndrome: have we so far seen only the tip of an iceberg?". Human Genetics. 124 (2): 105–22. doi:10.1007/s00439-008-0542-4. PMID 18709565. S2CID 32654505.
  5. ↑ Krüger S, Kinzel M, Walldorf C, Gottschling S, Bier A, Tinschert S, von Stackelberg A, Henn W, Görgens H, Boue S, Kölble K, Büttner R, Schackert HK (January 2008). "Homozygous PMS2 germline mutations in two families with early-onset haematological malignancy, brain tumours, HNPCC-associated tumours, and signs of neurofibromatosis type 1". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (1): 62–72. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201923. PMID 17851451.
  6. ↑ Tan TY, Orme LM, Lynch E, Croxford MA, Dow C, Dewan PA, Lipton L (March 2008). "Biallelic PMS2 mutations and a distinctive childhood cancer syndrome". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 30 (3): 254–7. doi:10.1097/MPH.0b013e318161aa20. PMID 18376293.
  7. ↑ Jackson CC, Holter S, Pollett A, Clendenning M, Chou S, Senter L, Ramphal R, Gallinger S, Boycott K (June 2008). "Café-au-lait macules and pediatric malignancy caused by biallelic mutations in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene PMS2". Pediatric Blood & Cancer. 50 (6): 1268–70. doi:10.1002/pbc.21514. PMID 18273873.
  8. ↑ "Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency Syndrome". www.stjude.org. Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
  9. ↑ "Turcot Syndrome". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  10. ↑ "Turcot syndrome" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  11. ↑ Turcot J, Despres JP, St Pierre F (1959). "Malignant tumors of the central nervous system associated with familial polyposis of the colon: report of two cases". Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2: 465–8. doi:10.1007/bf02616938. PMID 13839882. S2CID 27477524.
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