Migalastat

Migalastat
Names
Pronunciationmi GAL a stat
Trade namesGalafold
Other namesDDIG, AT1001, 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin
IUPAC name
  • (2R,3S,4R,5S)-2-(Hydroxymethyl)-3,4,5-piperidinetriol
Clinical data
Drug classChaperone[1]
Main usesFabry disease[2]
Side effectsHeadache, runny nose, fever, nausea, urinary tract infection[3][2]
WHO AWaReUnlinkedWikibase error: ⧼unlinkedwikibase-error-statements-entity-not-set⧽
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
  • US: N (Not classified yet)
    Routes of
    use    		By mouth (capsules)
    External links
    AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
    Legal
    License data
    Legal status
    • AU: S4 (Prescription only)
    • US: ℞-only
    • EU: Rx-only
    • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
    Pharmacokinetics
    Bioavailability75%
    Protein bindingNone
    MetabolitesO-glucuronides (<15%)
    Elimination half-life3–5 hours (single dose)
    ExcretionUrine (77%), feces (20%)
    Chemical and physical data
    FormulaC6H13NO4
    Molar mass163.173 g·mol−1
    3D model (JSmol)
    SMILES
    • C1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](N1)CO)O)O)O
    InChI
    • InChI=1S/C6H13NO4/c8-2-3-5(10)6(11)4(9)1-7-3/h3-11H,1-2H2/t3-,4+,5+,6-/m1/s1
    • Key:LXBIFEVIBLOUGU-DPYQTVNSSA-N

    Migalastat, sold under the brand name Galafold, is a medication used to treat Fabry disease.[2] It is only used for certain types of the disease.[2] It is taken by mouth.[2] It is used in those who are at least 12 years old.[3]

    Common side effects include headache, runny nose, fever, nausea, and urinary tract infection.[3][2] Safety in pregnancy is unclear.[4] It works by attaching to certain forms of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A and stabilizing it.[3]

    Migalastat was approved for medical use in Europe in 2016 and the United States in 2018.[3][2] In the United States it costs about 315,000 USD per year as of 2020.[5] In the United Kingdom this amount costs the NHS about £121,000.[1]

    Medical uses

    Migalastat is used for the long-term treatment of Fabry disease in adults and adolescents aged 16 or older with an amenable mutation of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-GalA). An "amenable" mutation is one that leads to misfolding of the enzyme, but otherwise would not significantly impair its function.[6]

    Based on an in vitro test, Amicus Therapeutics has published a list of 269 amenable and nearly 600 non-amenable mutations. About 35 to 50% of people with Fabry have an amenable mutation.[6]

    Dosage

    It is taken at a dose of 123 mg every other day.[2]

    Side effects

    The most common side effect in clinical trials was headache (in about 10% of people who take it). Less common side effects (between 1 and 10% of people) included unspecific symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, and nausea, but also depression. Possible rare side effects could not be assessed because of the low number of subjects in the clinical trials in which adverse effects were measured.[6]

    Interactions

    When combined with intravenous agalsidase alfa or beta, which are recombinant versions of the enzyme α-GalA, migalastat increases tissue concentrations of functional α-GalA compared to agalsidase given alone. This is an expected and desired effect.

    Migalastat does not inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 liver enzymes or transporter proteins and is therefore expected to have a low potential for interactions with other drugs.[6]

    Pharmacology

    Mechanism of action

    Fabry disease is a genetic disorder caused by various mutations of the enzyme α-GalA, which is responsible for breaking down the sphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), among other glycolipids and glycoproteins. Some of these mutations result in misfolding of α-GalA, which subsequently fails protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum and is decomposed. Lack of functional α-GalA leads to accumulation of Gb3 in blood vessels and other tissues, with a wide range of symptoms including kidney, heart, and skin problems.[7]

    Migalastat is a potent, orally available inhibitor of α-GalA (IC50: 4 μM).[7] When binding to faulty α-GalA, it shifts the folding behaviour towards the proper conformation, resulting in a functional enzyme provided the mutation is amenable.[6] Molecules with this type of mechanism are called pharmacological chaperones.[7]

    When the enzyme reaches its destination, the lysosome, migalastat dissociates because of the low pH and the relative abundance of Gb3 and other substrates, leaving α-GalA free to fulfill its function. Depending on the mutation, the EC50 is between 0.8 μM and over 1 mM in cellular models.[8]

    • The enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-GalA)
      The enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (α-GalA)
    • Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), a substrate of α-GalA, has a terminal D-galactose structurally similar to migalastat.
      Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), a substrate of α-GalA, has a terminal D-galactose structurally similar to migalastat.[9]
    • Migalastat ("top" view)
      Migalastat ("top" view)

    Pharmacokinetics

    Migalastat is almost completely absorbed from the gut; taking the drug together with food decreases its absorption by about 40%. Total bioavailability is about 75% when taken without food. The substance is not bound to blood plasma proteins.[6]

    Only a small fraction of a migalastat dose is metabolized, mainly to three dehydrogenated O-glucuronides (4% of the dose) and a number of unspecified metabolites (10%). The drug is mainly eliminated via the urine (77%) and to a smaller extent via the faeces (20%). Practically all of the metabolites are excreted in the urine. Elimination half-life is three to five hours after a single dose.[6]

    Chemistry

    D-Galactose, for comparison

    Migalastat is used in form of the hydrochloride, which is a white crystalline solid and is soluble in water.[10]: 11  The molecule has four asymmetric carbon atoms with the same stereochemistry as the sugar D-galactose, but is missing the first hydroxyl group. It has a nitrogen atom in the ring instead of an oxygen, which makes it an iminosugar.[11]

    The structure is formally derived from nojirimycin.

    History

    Migalastat was isolated as a fermentation product of the bacterium Streptomyces lydicus (strain PA-5726) in 1988 and called 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin.[11][12] In 2004, it was designated orphan drug status by the US FDA for the treatment of Fabry disease,[13] and in 2006 the European CHMP did likewise.[14] The sponsorship for the drug was transferred several times over the following years: from Amicus Therapeutics to Shire Pharmaceuticals in 2008, back to Amicus in 2010, to Glaxo in 2011, and again to Amicus in 2014.[15]

    Two phase III trials with a total of about 110 subjects were conducted between 2009 and 2015, one double-blind comparing the drug to placebo, and one comparing it to recombinant α-GalA without blinding. Migalastat stabilised heart and kidney function over the 30-months period of these trials.[6]

    In September 2015, Amicus announced that it would submit a new drug application (NDA) for accelerated approval of migalastat to the FDA by the end of 2015.[16] The CHMP recommended approval in April 2016, but the FDA rejected the application in November for having insufficient data in November 2016.[17] The drug was approved in the European Union in May 2016.[18] Germany was the first country where migalastat was launched.[18] After Scott Gottlieb became FDA commissioner in 2017, the CEO of Amicus began lobbying him directly for the FDA to accept the NDA and in February 2018 the FDA accepted it and promised a response by August 2018.[19]

    The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.[20]

    See also

    • Miglustat, a drug for the treatment of Gaucher disease, with a similar structure
    • 1-Deoxynojirimycin, a stereoisomer of migalastat

    References

    1. 1 2 BNF 81: March-September 2021. BMJ Group and the Pharmaceutical Press. 2021. p. 1112. ISBN 978-0857114105.
    2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Migalastat Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Galafold EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
    4. ↑ "Migalastat (Galafold) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
    5. ↑ "How much does Galafold cost?". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
    6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Summary of Product Characteristics for Galafold" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. June 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
    7. 1 2 3 Sánchez-Fernández EM, García Fernández JM, Mellet CO (April 2016). "Glycomimetic-based pharmacological chaperones for lysosomal storage disorders: lessons from Gaucher, GM1-gangliosidosis and Fabry diseases" (PDF). Chemical Communications. 52 (32): 5497–515. doi:10.1039/C6CC01564F. PMID 27043200. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-21. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
    8. ↑ Benjamin ER, Flanagan JJ, Schilling A, Chang HH, Agarwal L, Katz E, et al. (June 2009). "The pharmacological chaperone 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin increases alpha-galactosidase A levels in Fabry patient cell lines". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 32 (3): 424–40. doi:10.1007/s10545-009-1077-0. PMID 19387866. S2CID 12629461.
    9. ↑ Warnock DG, Bichet DG, Holida M, Goker-Alpan O, Nicholls K, Thomas M, et al. (2015). "Oral Migalastat HCl Leads to Greater Systemic Exposure and Tissue Levels of Active α-Galactosidase A in Fabry Patients when Co-Administered with Infused Agalsidase". PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0134341. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1034341W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134341. PMC 4529213. PMID 26252393.
    10. ↑ "Assessment report EMA/272226/2016" (PDF). EMA. 1 April 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
    11. 1 2 Asano, N (2007). "Naturally occurring iminosugars and related alkaloids: structure, activity and applications". In Compain, P; Martin, OR (eds.). Iminosugars: from synthesis to therapeutic applications. Wiley and Sons. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-470-03391-3.
    12. ↑ Miyake Y, Ebata M (1988). "The structures of a β-galactosidase inhibitor, Galactostatin, and its derivatives". Agric Biol Chem. 52 (3): 661–666. doi:10.1271/bbb1961.52.661.
    13. ↑ "Migalastat Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
    14. ↑ "Galafold". European Medicines Agency. 1 April 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
    15. ↑ "Public summary of opinion on orphan designation". European Medicines Agency. 29 April 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
    16. ↑ "Amicus Therapeutics Plans to Submit NDA for Migalastat for Fabry Disease Following Positive Pre-NDA Meeting With FDA". Drugs.com. 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
    17. ↑ Adams B (November 29, 2016). "FDA rejects quick Amicus Fabry drug read-through, new data not expected till 2019". FierceBiotech. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
    18. 1 2 "Amicus Therapeutics Announces European Commission Approval for Galafold (Migalastat) in Patients with Fabry Disease in European Union". GlobeNewswire. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
    19. ↑ Carroll J (February 12, 2018). "Once rejected, FDA now rolls out a short red carpet for Amicus' migalastat". Endpoints. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
    20. ↑ New Drug Therapy Approvals 2018 (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Report). January 2019. Archived from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
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