Leg

Diagram of an insect leg
Diagram of an insect leg

A leg is a weight-bearing and locomotive anatomical structure, usually having a columnar shape. During locomotion, legs function as "extensible struts".[1] The combination of movements at all joints can be modeled as a single, linear element capable of changing length and rotating about an omnidirectional "hip" joint.

As an anatomical animal structure it is used for locomotion. The distal end is often modified to distribute force (such as a foot). Most animals have an even number of legs.

As a component of furniture, it is used for the economy of materials needed to provide the support for the useful surface such as the table top or chair seat.

Terminology

  • Uniped: 1 leg, such as clams
  • Biped: 2 legs, such as humans and birds
  • Triped: 3 legs, which typically does not occur naturally in healthy animals
  • Quadruped: 4 legs, such as dogs and horses

Many taxa are characterized by the number of legs:

  • Tetrapods have four legs. Squamates of genus Bipes have only two. Caecilians and many squamate lineages convergently lost their legs.
  • Panarthropoda: no less than 4 legs. Velvet worms and some arthropods have more than a dozen legs; a few species possess over 100. Despite what their names might suggest, centipedes ("hundred feet") may have fewer than 20 or more than 300 legs, and millipedes ("thousand feet") have fewer than 1,000 legs, but up to 750.

Components

A leg is a structure of gross anatomy, meaning that it is large enough to be seen unaided. The components depend on the animal. In humans and other mammals, a leg includes the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and skin. In insects, the leg includes most of these things, except that insects have an exoskeleton that replaces the function of both the bones and the skin.

Sometimes the end of the leg, or foot, is considered part of the leg; other times it is considered separate. Similarly, the hip joint or other place where the leg attaches to the main body may be considered separate or part of the leg.

Tetrapod legs

The leg of a woolly mammoth (reconstruction).

In tetrapod anatomy, leg is used to refer to the entire limb. In human medicine the precise definition refers[2][3][4] only to the segment between the knee and the ankle. This lower segment is also called the shank,[5][6] and the front (anterior) of the segment is called the shin or pretibia.

In bipedal tetrapods, the two lower limbs are referred to as the "legs" and the two upper limbs as "arms" or "wings" as the case may be.

Arthropod leg

  • Arthropod leg

Robotic leg

A robotic leg is moved by an actuator, which is a type of motor for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. It is operated by a source of energy, usually in the form of an electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure or pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy into some kind of motion.

Prosthetic leg

A prosthetic leg, a prosthesis, is an artificial leg that is used to replace one that has been lost.

References

  1. ↑ "Studies in the Mechanics of the Tetrapod Skeleton". Biologists.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  2. ↑ "Leg". Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
  3. ↑ "Leg". Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Healthcare Consumers. Mercksource. Archived from the original on 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
  4. ↑ "leg". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  5. ↑ Kardong, Kenneth V. (2009). Vertebrates: Comparative anatomy, function, evolution (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-07-304058-5.
  6. ↑ "shank". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  • Media related to Leg at Wikimedia Commons
This article is issued from Offline. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.