Antitarget

In pharmacology, an antitarget (or off-target) is a receptor, enzyme, or other biological target that, when affected by a drug, causes undesirable side-effects. During drug design and development, it is important for pharmaceutical companies to ensure that new drugs do not show significant activity at any of a range of antitargets, most of which are discovered largely by chance.[1][2]

Among the best-known and most significant antitargets are the hERG channel and the 5-HT2B receptor, both of which causing long-term problems with heart function that can prove fatal (long QT syndrome and cardiac fibrosis, respectively), in a small but unpredictable proportion of users. Both of these targets were discovered as a result of high levels of distinctive side-effects during the marketing of certain medicines, and, while some older drugs with significant hERG activity are still used with caution, most drugs that have been found to be strong 5-HT2B agonists were withdrawn from the market, and any new compound will almost always be discontinued from further development if initial screening shows high affinity for these targets.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Agonism of the 5-HT2A receptor is an antitarget due to the hallucinogenic effects that 5-HT2A receptor agonists are associated with.[9] According to David E. Nichols, "Discussions over the years with many colleagues working in the pharmaceutical industry have informed me that if upon screening a potential new drug is found to have serotonin 5-HT2A agonist activity, it nearly always signals the end to any further development of that molecule."[9] There are some exceptions however, for instance efavirenz and lorcaserin, which can activate the 5-HT2A receptor and cause psychedelic effects at high doses.[10][11][12]

The growth of the field of chemoproteomics has offered a variety of strategies to identify off-targets on a proteome wide scale.[13]

References

  1. ↑ Klabunde, T.; Evers, A. (2005). "GPCR antitarget modeling: pharmacophore models for biogenic amine binding GPCRs to avoid GPCR-mediated side effects". ChemBioChem. 6 (5): 876–889. doi:10.1002/cbic.200400369. PMID 15791686. S2CID 33198528.
  2. ↑ Price, D.; Blagg, J.; Jones, L.; Greene, N.; Wager, T. (2009). "Physicochemical drug properties associated with in vivo toxicological outcomes: a review". Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 5 (8): 921–931. doi:10.1517/17425250903042318. PMID 19519283. S2CID 34208589.
  3. ↑ De Ponti, F.; Poluzzi, E.; Cavalli, A.; Recanatini, M.; Montanaro, N. (2002). "Safety of non-antiarrhythmic drugs that prolong the QT interval or induce torsade de pointes: an overview". Drug Safety. 25 (4): 263–286. doi:10.2165/00002018-200225040-00004. PMID 11994029. S2CID 37288519.
  4. ↑ Recanatini, M.; Poluzzi, E.; Masetti, M.; Cavalli, A.; De Ponti, F. (2005). "QT prolongation through hERG K(+) channel blockade: current knowledge and strategies for the early prediction during drug development". Medicinal Research Reviews. 25 (2): 133–166. doi:10.1002/med.20019. PMID 15389727. S2CID 34637861.
  5. ↑ Raschi, E.; Vasina, V.; Poluzzi, E.; De Ponti, F. (2008). "The hERG K+ channel: target and antitarget strategies in drug development". Pharmacological Research. 57 (3): 181–195. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2008.01.009. PMID 18329284.
  6. ↑ Raschi, E.; Ceccarini, L.; De Ponti, F.; Recanatini, M. (2009). "hERG-related drug toxicity and models for predicting hERG liability and QT prolongation". Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 5 (9): 1005–1021. doi:10.1517/17425250903055070. PMID 19572824. S2CID 207490564.
  7. ↑ Huang, X.; Setola, V.; Yadav, P.; Allen, J.; Rogan, S.; Hanson, B.; Revankar, C.; Robers, M.; Doucette, C.; Roth, B. L. (2009). "Parallel Functional Activity Profiling Reveals Valvulopathogens Are Potent 5-Hydroxytryptamine2B Receptor Agonists: Implications for Drug Safety Assessment". Molecular Pharmacology. 76 (4): 710–722. doi:10.1124/mol.109.058057. PMC 2769050. PMID 19570945.
  8. ↑ Bhattacharyya, S.; Schapira, A. H.; Mikhailidis, D. P.; Davar, J. (2009). "Drug-induced fibrotic valvular heart disease". The Lancet. 374 (9689): 577–85. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60252-X. PMID 19683643. S2CID 205953943.
  9. 1 2 Nichols DE (2016). "Psychedelics". Pharmacol. Rev. 68 (2): 264–355. doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478. PMC 4813425. PMID 26841800.
  10. ↑ Treisman GJ, Soudry O (2016). "Neuropsychiatric Effects of HIV Antiviral Medications". Drug Saf. 39 (10): 945–57. doi:10.1007/s40264-016-0440-y. PMID 27534750. S2CID 6809436.
  11. ↑ Gatch MB, Kozlenkov A, Huang RQ, Yang W, Nguyen JD, González-Maeso J, Rice KC, France CP, Dillon GH, Forster MJ, Schetz JA (2013). "The HIV antiretroviral drug efavirenz has LSD-like properties". Neuropsychopharmacology. 38 (12): 2373–84. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.135. PMC 3799056. PMID 23702798.
  12. ↑ "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Lorcaserin into Schedule IV". 2013-05-08.
  13. ↑ Moellering, Raymond E.; Cravatt, Benjamin F. (January 2012). "How Chemoproteomics Can Enable Drug Discovery and Development". Chemistry & Biology. 19 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.01.001. ISSN 1074-5521. PMC 3312051.
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