Striated muscle tissue

Striated muscle tissue
Micrograph of HPS stained skeletal striated muscle (fibularis longus).
Details
SystemMusculoskeletal system
Identifiers
Latintextus muscularis striatus
MeSHD054792
THH2.00.05.2.00001
FMA67905
Anatomical terminology

Striated muscle tissue is a muscle tissue that features repeating functional units called sarcomeres. The presence of sarcomeres manifests as a series of bands visible along the muscle fibers, which is responsible for the striated appearance observed in microscopic images of this tissue. There are two types of striated muscles:

Structure

Striated muscle tissue contains T-tubules which enables the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.[1]

Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle includes skeletal muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerve fibers, and connective tissue. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in epimysium, allowing structural integrity of the muscle despite contractions. The perimysium organizes the muscle fibers, which are encased in collagen and endomysium, into fascicles. Each muscle fiber contains sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The functional unit of a muscle fiber is called a sarcomere.[2] Each muscle cell contains myofibrils composed of actin and myosin myofilaments repeated as a sarcomere.[3] Many nuclei are present in each muscle cell placed at regular intervals beneath the sarcolemma.

Based on their contractile and metabolic phenotypes, skeletal muscle can be classified as slow-oxidative (Type I) or fast-oxidative (Type II).[1]

Cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle lies between the epicardium and the endocardium in the heart.[4] Cardiac muscle cells generally only contain one nucleus, located in the central region. They contain many mitochondria and myoglobin.[5] Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells are unicellular.[4] These cells are connected to each other by intercalated disks, which contain gap junctions and desmosomes.[5]

Differences between striated and smooth muscle

The main difference between striated muscle tissue and smooth muscle tissue is that striated muscle tissue features sarcomeres while smooth muscle tissue does not. All skeletal striated muscles are attached to some component of the skeleton, unlike smooth muscle, which composes hollow organs such as the intestines or blood vessels. The fibres of striated muscle have a cylindrical shape with blunt ends, whereas those in smooth muscle can be described as being spindle-like with tapered ends. Two other characteristics that differentiate striated muscle from smooth muscle are that the former has more mitochondria and contains cells that are multinucleated.[6]

Function

The main function of striated muscle tissue is to create force and contract. These contractions will either pump blood throughout the body (cardiac muscle) or power breathing, movement or posture (skeletal muscle).[1]

Contractions

Contractions in cardiac muscle tissue are due to pacemaker cells. These cells respond to signals from the autonomic nervous system to either increase or decrease the heart rate. Pacemaker cells have autorhythmicity. The set intervals at which they depolarize to threshold and fire action potentials is what determines the heart rate. Because of the gap junctions, the pacemaker cells transfer the depolarization to other cardiac muscle fibers, in order to contract in unison.[5]

Signals from motor neurons cause myofibers to depolarize and therefore release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The calcium drives the movement of myosin and actin filaments. The sarcomere then shortened which causes the muscle to contract.[3] In the skeletal muscles connected to tendons that pull on bones, the mysia fuses to the periosteum that coats the bone. Contraction of the muscle will transfer to the mysia, then the tendon and the periosteum before causing the bone to move. The mysia also may bind to an aponeurosis or to fascia.[2]

Damage repair

Adult humans cannot regenerate cardiac muscle tissue after an injury, which can lead to scarring and thus heart failure. Mammals have the ability to complete small amounts of cardiac regeneration during development. Other vertebrates can regenerate cardiac muscle tissue throughout their entire life span.[7]

Skeletal muscle is able to regenerate far better than cardiac muscle due to satellite cells, which are dormant in all healthy skeletal muscle tissue.[8] There are three phases to the regeneration process. These phases include the inflammatory response, the activation, differentiation, and fusion of satellite cells, and the maturation and remodeling of newly formed myofibrils. This process begins with the necrosis of damaged muscle fibers, which in turn induces the inflammatory response. Macrophages induce phagocytosis of the cell debris. They will eventually secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines, which results in the termination of inflammation. These macrophages can also facilitate the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells.[3] The satellite cells re-enter the cell cycle to multiply. They then leave the cell cycle to self-renew or differentiate as myoblasts.[8]

Dysfunctions

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

See also

  • Costamere

References

  1. 1 2 3 Shadrin, I. Y.; Khodabukus, A.; Bursac, N. (June 6, 2016). "Striated muscle function, regeneration, and repair". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 73 (22): 4175–4202. doi:10.1007/s00018-016-2285-z. PMC 5056123. PMID 27271751.
  2. 1 2 Anatomy and Physiology. PressBooks. p. 64. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 Yin, Hang; Price, Feodor; Rudnicki, Michael A. (January 1, 2013). "Satellite Cells and the Muscle Stem Cell Niche". Physiological Reviews. 93 (1): 23–67. doi:10.1152/physrev.00043.2011. PMC 4073943. PMID 23303905.
  4. 1 2 "Cardiac Muscle". Biology Dictionary. Biology Dictionary. 2017-12-08. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  5. 1 2 3 Anatomy and Physiology. PressBooks. p. 69. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  6. ↑ "Muscle Physiology - Introduction to Muscle". muscle.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  7. ↑ Uygur, Aysu; Lee, Richard T. (February 22, 2017). "Mechanisms of Cardiac Regeneration". Developmental Cell. 36 (4): 362–374. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.018. PMC 4768311. PMID 26906733.
  8. 1 2 Dumont, Nicholas A.; Wang, Yu Xin; Rudnicki, Michael A. (May 1, 2015). "Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms regulating satellite cell function". Development. 142 (9): 1572–1581. doi:10.1242/dev.114223. PMC 4419274. PMID 25922523.
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