Flag of Estonia

The shade of blue is defined by Parliament and Government Office as follows:[1][5]

• Pantone colour 285 C.
• CMYK equivalents: C=91, M=43, Y=0, K=0
• RGB values: R=0, G=114, B=206
• Hex values: #0072CE

A symbolic interpretation made popular by the poetry of Martin Lipp says the blue is for the vaulted blue sky above the native land, the black for attachment to the soil of the homeland as well as the fate of Estonians — for centuries black with worries, and white for purity, hard work, and commitment.[6]

Flags of Estonia on display during the announcement of the declaration of Independence in Pärnu on 23 February 1918. One of the first images of the Republic of Estonia.

In the 1820s, in the University of Tartu, three eponymous German-speaking student corporations (corps) were established for each of the three Baltic provinces (Estonia, Livonia and Curonia). Each of them selected their own "colours"[lower-alpha 1] which, in turn, became flags and visual representations of the corresponding province. Public display (for example, as part of attire) of these colour combinations was often prohibited by the Imperial Russian authorities and, after the outbreak of World War I, finally and completely banned during the anti-German propaganda campaign in 1915.

In 1870, the predecessor of the Estonian Students' Society, the first Estonian-speaking student organisation, was established at the University of Tartu, and in 1881 it adopted a similar tricolour flag and set of three "colours": blue, black, and white. Unlike the earlier corps' colour combinations, each one of the three colours of the new organisation was ascribed symbolic meanings.

The original (1881) flag of the Estonian Students' Society

The Estonian blue-black-white flag was therefore officially adopted first as a flag of a university student organisation on 17 September 1881 by the constituent assembly of the first Estonian-speaking student corps "Vironia" (modern Estonian Students' Society) in Tartu. The colours and the pattern chosen by the student society eventually became the national flag in the 20th century.[7]

The tricolour flag became associated with Estonian nationalism and was already used as "the nation's flag" (rahvuslipp) when the Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued on 23–24 February 1918. Formally, the tricolour became the national flag of the newly independent country by the decision of the Estonian Provisional Government on 21 November 1918. On 12 December 1918, the flag was for the first time raised on top of the Pikk Hermann tower, and that location has since then become its most symbolic site of display. The flag's official status was reconfirmed by a law passed by the Estonian parliament on 16 July 1922.[8]

The invasion of Estonia by the Soviet Army on 16–17 June 1940 was quickly followed by the banning of the flag by the occupation authorities. It was taken down from the most symbolic location, the tower of Pikk Hermann in Tallinn, on 21 June 1940, when Estonia was still formally independent. On the next day, 22 June, it was hoisted along with the red flag. The tricolour disappeared completely from the tower on 27 July 1940, and was replaced by the red flag of the Soviet Union.

During the German occupation from 1941 until 1944, the tricolour flag was accepted as the flag of the Estonian people but not as the country's national flag. After the German retreat from Tallinn in September 1944, the Estonian tricolour was hoisted once again.

When the Soviet Red Army reconquered Tallinn on 22 September 1944, the blue-black-white flag disappeared from the Pikk Hermann tower. Its place was subsequently taken by the Soviet red flags[lower-alpha 2] until 1989. Any display or distribution of the blue-black-white flag remained a punishable crime by the Soviet laws which were enforced until the late 1980s. 21 October 1987 was the first time when Soviet forces did not take down the flag at a public event. Starting from 24 February 1989 the blue-black-white flag has been flown again from the Pikk Hermann tower in Tallinn. It was formally redeclared as the national flag on 7 August 1990, little over a year before Estonia restored full independence.

• 
  Flag of the Danish Realm and its Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)
• 
  Flag of the State of the Teutonic Order (1226–1561)
• 
  Flag of the Swedish Empire and its Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)

Estonian cross flag proposal from 1919

Proposed Nordic cross designs for the Estonian flag

Several Nordic cross designs were proposed already in 1919, prior to the official adoption of the Estonian state flag. In 2001, journalist Kaarel Tarand made a similar suggestion again – that the flag design be changed from a tricolour to a Nordic cross with the same three colours.[9] Supporters of this idea have claimed that the cross, instead of a tricolour design, would better symbolise Estonia's links with Nordic countries. However, as the traditional tricolour bands have by now become an important symbol of national identity, proposals to modify the national flag have not gained much popularity.

Advocates for a Nordic flag state that Estonians consider themselves a Nordic nation rather than Baltic,[10] based on their cultural and historical ties with Sweden, Denmark, and particularly Finland. In December 1999, the Estonian foreign minister—later the Estonian president from 2006 to 2016—Toomas Hendrik Ilves delivered a speech entitled "Estonia as a Nordic Country" to the Swedish Institute for International Affairs.[11] Diplomat Eerik-Niiles Kross also suggested changing the country's official name in English and several other foreign languages from Estonia to Estland (which is the country's name in Danish, Dutch, German, Swedish, Norwegian and many other Germanic languages).[12][13]

According to politician Paul Puustusmaa the Estonian cross flag symbolises the national culture and its roots. He said that this approach does not abandon any historical-social-cultural layering that formed the Estonian nationality, starting from vikings, involving the time of Livonian Confederation, and respecting the Baltic German cultural roots, which in turn pushed national awakening and the birth of independent Estonia.[14]

The most recent Estonian Flag Act was passed 23 March 2005 and came into force on 1 January 2006. It has been amended several times since then. The Act specifies the colours in Pantone and CMYK formats, as well as specifying when it can be hoisted and how it can be used and by whom. The minimum size of the flag to be hoisted on a wall-mounted flagstaff or on a flagpole on the roof of a building is 105 by 165 centimetres (41 in × 65 in). The Act specifies that the "Estonian flag is used as the ethnic and the national flag".[15]

More specifically, the Flag Act specifies that the flag be hoisted on the Pikk Hermann tower in Tallinn every day at sunrise, but not earlier than 7:00 a.m., and is lowered at sunset.[15] The flag flying days are:

• 3 January: Commemoration Day of Combatants of the Estonian War of Independence
• 2 February: Anniversary of Tartu Peace Treaty
• 24 February: Independence Day
• 14 March: Mother Tongue Day
• 23 April: Veterans' Day
• The second Sunday of May: Mothers' Day
• 9 May: Europe Day
• 1 June: Day for the Protection of Children
• 4 June: Flag Day
• 14 June: Day of Mourning
• 23 June: Victory Day
• 24 June: Midsummer Day
• 20 August: Day of Restoration of Independence
• 1 September: Day of Knowledge
• The second Sunday of September: Grandparents' Day
• The third Saturday of October: Finno-Ugric Day
• The second Sunday of November: Fathers' Day
• The day of election of the Riigikogu (parliament), the day of election of local councils, the day of a referendum and the day of election of the European Parliament.[15]

• Coat of arms of Estonia
• Flags of Estonian counties
• National symbols of Estonia

Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of Estonia.

• Estonia at Flags of the World
• Estonian Flag: History