1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b) is a haloalkane with the chemical formula CH3CClF2. It belongs to the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) family of man-made compounds that contribute significantly to both ozone depletion and global warming when released into the environment. It is primarily used as a refrigerant where it is also known as R-142b and by trade names including Freon-142b.[2]

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane
Other names
Freon 142b; R-142b; HCFC-142b; Chlorodifluoroethane
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.811
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C2H3ClF2/c1-2(3,4)5/h1H3 checkY
    Key: BHNZEZWIUMJCGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • CC(F)(F)Cl
Properties
C2H3ClF2
Molar mass 100.49 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless gas[1]
Melting point −130.8 °C (−203.4 °F; 142.3 K)[1]
Boiling point −9.6 °C (14.7 °F; 263.5 K)[1]
Slight[1]
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Asphyxiant
632 °C (1,170 °F; 905 K)[1]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Physiochemical properties

1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is a highly flammable, colorless gas under most atmospheric conditions. It has a boiling point of -10 °C.[1][3] Its critical temperature is near 137 °C.[4]

Applications

HCFC-142b is used as a refrigerant, as a blowing agent for foam plastics production, and as feedstock to make polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).[5] It was introduced to replace the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were initially undergoing a phase-out per the Montreal Protocol, but HCFCs still have a significant ozone-depletion ability. As of year 2020, HCFC's are replaced by non ozone depleting HFCs within many applications.[6]

In the United States, the EPA stated that HCFCs could be used in "processes that result in the transformation or destruction of the HCFCs", such as using HCFC-142b as a feedstock to make PVDF. HCFCs could also be used in equipment that was manufactured before January 1, 2010.[7] The point of these new regulations was to phase-out HCFCs in much the same way that CFCs were phased out. HCFC-142b production in non article 5 countries like the United States was banned on January 1, 2020, under the Montreal Protocol.[6]

Production history

According to the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), in 2006 global production (excluding India and China who did not report production data) of HCFC-142b was 33,779 metric tons and an increase in production from 2006 to 2007 of 34%.[8]

For the most part, concentrations of HCFCs in the atmosphere match the emission rates that were reported by industries. The exception to this is HCFC-142b which had a higher concentration than the emission rates suggest it should.[9]

Environmental effects
Growth of HCFC-142b in Earth's atmosphere since year 1992.[10]

The concentration of HCFC-142b in the atmosphere grew to over 20 parts per trillion by year 2010.[10] It has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.07.[11] This is low compared to the ODP=1 of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), which also grew about ten times more abundant in the atmosphere by year 1985 (prior to introduction of HFC-142b and the Montreal Protocol).

HFC-142b is also a minor but potent greenhouse gas. It has an estimated lifetime of about 17 years and a 100-year global warming potential ranging 2300 to 5000.[12][13] This compares to the GWP=1 of carbon dioxide, which had a much greater atmospheric concentration near 400 parts per million in year 2020.

See also

References
  1. Record in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
  2. "Safety Data Sheet for 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  3. "Addenda d, j, l, m, and t to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2004" (PDF). ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2004, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 2007-03-03. ISSN 1041-2336. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  4. Schoen, J. Andrew, "Listing of Refrigerants" (PDF), Andy's HVAC/R Web Page, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-19, retrieved 2011-12-17
  5. "Phaseout of Class II Ozone-Depleting Substances". Environmental Protection Agency. 22 July 2015.
  6. "Overview of HCFC Consumption and Available Alternatives For Article 5 Countries" (PDF). ICF International. 2008. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
  7. U.S. Government Publishing Office Federal Register 2005 November 4, Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Notice of Data Availability; Information Concerning the Current and Predicted Use of HCFC-22 and HCFC-142b Pages 67172 - 67174 [FR DOC # 05-22036].
  8. "Production and Sales of Fluorocarbons - AFEAS". Archived from the original on 2015-09-28. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  9. "Good news from the stratosphere, sort of: Accumulating HCFCs won't stop ozone-hole mending". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  10. "HCFC-142b". NOAA Earth System Research Laboratories/Global Monitoring Division. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
  11. John S. Daniel; Guus J.M. Velders; A.R. Douglass; P.M.D. Forster; D.A. Hauglustaine; I.S.A. Isaksen; L.J.M. Kuijpers; A. McCulloch; T.J. Wallington (2006). "Chapter 8. Halocarbon Scenarios, Ozone Depletion Potentials, and Global Warming Potentials" (PDF). Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  12. "Chapter 8". AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. p. 731.
  13. "Refrigerants - Environmental Properties". The Engineering ToolBox. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
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