13th Wilno Uhlan Regiment

The ancestral units to the regiment were created mainly as means of defending the Polish interest and the interest of the ethnic Poles living in Kresy at the end of World War I. Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Belarusians, and even Anarchists competed for the sovereignty over the area.

The 13th Regiment was formed out of the cavalry units of the Lithuanian and Belarusian Self-Defence on December 27, 1918, on the estate of a Mr. Pośpieszek. On December 28, the regiment was moved to the garrison at Vilnius and was stationed in the barracks in the Antokol district. Władysław Dąbrowski, nom-de-guerre 'Dąb', lit. 'Oak', was the regiment's first commander. The regiment was the first in newly independent Poland, and was originally called the 1st Regiment of Wilno Uhlans. It became officially part of the Polish Armed Forces in June 1919, receiving its name and number.

The regiment was nationally famous because its commander, Major Władysław Dąbrowski, was a Zagończyk. In the official Polish Army documents, the phrase "Wilenskich" ("of Vilnius") was omitted; the official name was the 13th Regiment. In spite of this, the officers, soldiers and public persisted in calling it the "13th Wilno Regiment".

The 13th Regiment participated in the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920 and became known for many flanking manoeuvres and raids behind Soviet lines. It protected the retreat of General Żeligowski's troops.[2] On 25 February 1920, while it was stationed in Vilnius, the regiment mutinied, because it refused to fight against Lithuanians.[5]

On June 29, 1919, in Vilnius, General Edward Rydz-Śmigły handed over the regiment's new banner to a small delegation from a combat area. After a failed attempt at seizing territory in the Ukraine beyond Kiev, many soldiers from the disbanded Tatar Uhlan Regiment, (named after Colonel Mustafa Achmatowicz, a renowned eighteenth-century Lithuanian Tatar cavalryman), joined the "Wilno Regiment".

In late 1921, the regiment patrolled the Polish border with Lithuania and was stationed for a brief period in Głębokie, at present Hlybokaye in Belarus. The regiment was moved to Nowa Wilejka near Vilnius in 1922, where it stayed until the Invasion of Poland in 1939.

In 1936, a Tatar unit was created within the 13th Regiment of Wilno Uhlans.[3] By the order of the Polish Minister of Defence, issued on June 9, a troop within the regiment was renamed the 1st Tatar Squadron, to which all new recruits of Tatar ethnicity were directed. Captain Michał Bohdanowicz was the original commander. The unit was led for a short time by Captain Bazyli Marcisz and podpułkownik Jan Tarnowski. Captain Aleksander Jeljaszewicz became its last commander from November 25, 1938. During the Regiment's Holiday on July 25, 1937, the squadron (or mounted infantry battalion) received a buńczuk made according to the old Tatar traditions and funded by the entire Tatar community of Poland. During the symbolic ceremony of the burial of the heart of Marshal Józef Piłsudski in the Rasos cemetery in Vilnius, a detail from the 1st Tatar Squadron fired a three-volley salute.

In 1939, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Józef Szostak, the 13th Regiment of Wilno Uhlans fought as a part of the Wileńska Cavalry Brigade under the command of Colonel Konstanty Drucki-Lubecki. Between September 2 and 5, the brigade took part in heavy fighting near Piotrków Trybunalski. On September 9 and 10, the brigade lost many men and much equipment while retreating across the Vistula river near Maciejowice. The brigade fought in Lubelszczyzna near the city of Lublin, before being crushed near Tomaszow Lubelski.

The largest remnant of the regiment became part of the Independent Operational Group Polesie under the command of Major General Franciszek Kleeberg.

Subdivisions of the 13th Regiment of Wilno Uhlans AK were recreated in 1944 in the Wilno District of the Home Army as a mounted infantry division in Rūdninkai Forest, a mounted infantry battalion attached to the Home Army 3rd Wilno Brigade, a mounted infantry platoon attached to the Home Army 4th Wilno Brigade and a mounted infantry platoon operating within Kampinos Forest.

• Polish cavalry
• Lipka Tatars

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Davies, Norman (2003). White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919-20. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712606943.

Norris, Harry (2009). Islam in the Baltic: Europe's Early Muslim Community. Tauris Academic Studies. ISBN 978-1845115876.

Nalborczyk, Agata S. (2016). "Poland". In Svanberg, Ingvar; Westerlund, David (eds.). Muslim Tatar Minorities in the Baltic Sea Region. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-30880-0.