July 14, 1953 Massacre

Since 1936, though interrupted by the Vichy period and the German occupation, the French Communist Party, the General Confederation of Labour in France, and several similar movements organized a parade in Paris each Bastille Day to celebrate the values of the republic.[1]

Since the beginning of the 1950s, Algerian separatists from the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD), led by Messali Hadj, took part in the parade in spite of their differences with the French Communist Party on the issue of Algerian independence.[1]

In 1953, tensions were high. The demonstrations on International Workers' Day had been met with violence by the police. The next year, on May 28, 1952, the French Algerian communist Hocine Bélaïd was killed[2] during the demonstration against American General Ridgway's visit to France; the general was accused of using biological weapons in Korea.

The demonstration was very closely watched by the authorities; "offensive" signs, flags, and banners had been banned by the prefecture of police, along with "seditious" songs and chants.[3] The march was to follow a traditional course, travelling from Place de la République to Place de la Nation. However, when it reached the Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, some off-duty paratroopers in uniform attacked the demonstrators; the paratroopers were beaten back by the demonstrators, and six were wounded.[3] The paratroopers continued their aggression against the demonstrators; the police removed them each time, but made no arrests.[1]

The demonstrators clashed with police at Place de la Nation, where most of the protesters dispersed. The parade planned by the MTLD continued somewhat farther[4] in spite of heavy rain,[1] as some marchers went toward Avenue du Trône to drop their signs and flags in an MTLD truck.

There, and without warning, the police opened fire on them on their own initiative without direction from their command.[4] This escalated the violence; the Algerian demonstrators used barricades to attack the police and burned at least two police cars between 5:00 PM and 5:30 PM. Seven people were killed: six French workers from Algeria, and one worker from metropolitan France, who was a member of the General Confederation of Labour.[5] Besides the deaths, over 50 demonstrators were injured, at least 40 by gunshots. About fifty police officers were injured: between three and five by stabbing, and the remainder by makeshift weapons.[3]

The Parisian authorities immediately tried to paint the demonstration as a clandestinely organised riot.[3] To avoid public discussion, the government charged one police administrator with rebellion and violence on July 15, a charge which would not have required an investigation into the police shootings. Despite this, that September, the scope of the judicial inquiry was expanded when family members of the victims moved an adhesion procedure. Even in spite of this, few French Algerian witnesses were heard at the trial. The trial ended when the judge stayed the proceedings by issuing a non-lieu on October 22, 1957, later confirmed on appeal on January 23, 1958.[3]

The French press was indignant about the shootings, but some newspapers also denounced both the communists and the separatists for assaulting the police. The communists held a large meeting on July 21, the same day the Algerian victims' funerals were held, but did not take up the MTLD's demands for Algerian independence.

• Paris Massacre of 1961

• Horne, Alistair. (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria, 1954-1962. Viking Press.
• McDougall, James. (2017). A History of Algeria. Cambridge University Press.
• McDougall, James. (2006). History and the culture of nationalism in Algeria. Cambridge University Press.