152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)

Components of D-1 howitzer:
1 – split trails
2 – breachblock
3 – gunshield
4 – recoil devices (buffer and recuperator)
5 – barrel
6 – muzzle brake
7 – wheels
8 – suspension
Parts 1, 7 and 8 belong to the carriage; 2, 4, 5 and 6 make the barrel group

The D-1 howitzer was essentially a combination of the barrel of the 152-mm howitzer model 1938 (M-10) on the carriage of the 122-mm howitzer M1938 (M-30). Since the new carriage was lighter than that of the M-10, the barrel was fitted with a massive double-baffle muzzle brake DT-3 to soften the shock of recoil. The breech block was of interrupted screw type, the recoil system consisted of a hydraulic buffer and a hydro-pneumatic recuperator. The separately loaded ammunition included a variety of shells and eight different propellant charges in cartridges.

The carriage was nearly identical to the carriage of the M-30. It had suspension and steel wheels with pneumatic rubber tires. The trails were initially of riveted construction, but were eventually replaced in production by welded ones. Late production pieces were equipped with caster wheels to ease manhandling. Time to set up for combat was about two minutes. In an emergency it was possible to fire without splitting trails; however this was at the price of a drastically reduced traverse (1°30'). Since the gun was not equipped with a limber, it could be towed only by vehicle. The maximum towing speed was 40 km/h on paved roads, 30 km/h on cobbled roads and 10 km/h off-road. To give the crew some protection from bullets and shell fragments, the gun was fitted with a shield.[2][3][4]

• 
  Recoil devices
• 
  Muzzle brake
• 
  Carriage suspension
• 
  Carriage suspension
• 
  Right side of the breech
• 
  Left side of the breech with panoramic sight
• 
  Trails of the carriage
• 
  Gunshield

The D-1 was employed by corps artillery and the reserve of the main command units. In 1944, the rifle corps of the Red Army had one artillery regiment each. Those regiments consisted of five batteries (totaling 20 guns), equipped with the D-1 along with various other 152 mm howitzers, 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) or 107 mm gun M1910/30. Reserve of the Main Command included howitzer regiments (48 pieces) and heavy howitzer brigades (32 pieces). Those could be merged to form artillery divisions.[3]

The Red Army employed D-1 howitzers from 1944 onwards, during the final stages of World War II. The D-1 was used primarily used against personnel, fortifications and key structures in the enemy rear. The anti-concrete G-530 shell was also sometimes used against armored vehicles with good results. During its service the gun earned a reputation for being reliable and accurate.[2] The D-1 was finally withdrawn from service in the mid-seventies.

After the war the gun was supplied to many countries around the globe, including former Warsaw Pact allies, such as Poland. As of the early 2000s it remains in service in Afghanistan, Albania, China, Cuba, Hungary, Iraq, Mozambique, Syria, Vietnam and other countries. The gun was employed in the Arab-Israeli Conflict and also in some conflicts in former republics of Soviet Union.[3] The long operational history of D-1 howitzers in the national armies of numerous countries is an additional testimony to its qualities.

The D-1 was seen in use during the April 2016 battles between the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army and the Azerbaijani Forces. It was used by the NKR Defense Forces. In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, D-1s were reportedly provided to the LPR People's Militia, DNR and Wagner PMCs.[5][6]

Surviving D-1 howitzers can be seen in various military museums and war memorials, e. g. in the Museum of Artillery and Engineering Forces, Saint Petersburg, Russia; in the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol and in the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War, Kyiv, Ukraine; in Fort Winiary, Poznań, Poland and in Polatsk, Belarus, as a memorial piece.

• 
  D-1 in Polatsk.
• 
  D-1 in Poznań citadel.
• 
  D-1 in the Museum of Artillery, Saint Petersburg.
• 
  D-1 in the Museum on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol

In addition to the towed howitzer, Petrov's team developed a vehicle-mounted variant of the D-1. Red Army offensive operations in the summer and fall of 1943 reawakened interest in the idea of a heavy "artillery" tank similar to the KV-2, that could provide close fire support to rifle and tank units and would be capable of demolishing heavy fortifications. Probable causes for the development of such a vehicle were the cessation of mass production of the SU-122 medium assault gun and diversion of SU-152 heavy assault guns for anti-tank actions. The tank variant of the D-1 was originally intended for mounting in a variant of the KV-1s heavy tank. It utilized the mount of the 85 mm D-5, leading to the unofficial name D-1-5 and eventually to the official designation of D-15. Only one example was built. There is no information about the gun being mounted in the KV tank. By October 1943 Soviet authorities were anticipating the start of mass production of the powerful IS-2 heavy tank; as a result the idea of a specialized artillery tank based on the obsolete KV chassis was dropped.[7]

Another project combining the T-34 tank chassis with the D-15 gun was also considered. Designated SU-D15, the medium assault gun was intended as a replacement for the SU-122. Although the project received a lot of support from the authorities it never entered production, both because of its shortcomings (the heavy gun put too much strain on the suspension and ammunition stowage was too limited) and because it was made redundant by the ISU-152. However lessons learned mounting a powerful gun in the T-34 allowed for rapid development of the SU-100 tank destroyer.[8]

1 – HE/Frag shell OF-530,
2 – fragmentary shell O-530,
3 – HEAC (anti-concrete) shell G-530.

The D-1 had a large variety of ammunition, including high-explosive, armor-piercing, HEAT, shrapnel, illumination, and chemical.

The D-1 used separate loading ammunition, with eight different charges. The charges included the "full charge" Zh-536 and smaller charges ranging from the "first" to "sixth", which was the smallest. A "special charge" was used with the BP-540 HEAT projectile. Propellant charges were produced in "full" and "third" variants in munitions factories. All other charges were derived from them by removing small gunpowder bags from the charge cartridge. For flash suppression there was a special chemical mixture which was to be inserted into a cartridge before night firing.[4] 152 mm projectiles for the D-1 weighed about 40 kg; a difficult job for the loaders, who had to carry the projectiles alone.

When set to fragmentation mode, the OF-530 projectile produced fragments which covered an area 70 meters wide and 30 meters deep. When set to high-explosive (HE) action, the exploding shell produced a crater about 3.5 meters in diameter and about 1.2 meters deep.[2] Despite the D-1's withdrawal from service in the mid- 1970s, the OF-530 is still fired from modern 152 mm ordnance pieces of the Russian Army.

The G-530 HEAC anti-concrete shell had a muzzle velocity of 457 m/s when fired with the "first" charge. At a range of one kilometer it had a 358 m/s terminal velocity and was able to punch through up to 80 centimeters of reinforced concrete before detonating a TNT charge which increased the total penetration to 114 centimeters. The G-530 could not be fired with a "full" charge without putting the crew at risk of having the shell explode in the barrel. A special version of the shell, the G-530Sh, was developed to allow use with the full charge.[4]

The BP-540 HEAT projectile was not used during World War II. It had an armour penetration of 250 millimeters at an incident angle of 90°, 220 millimeters at 60°, 120 millimeters at 30°.[4]

In the late 1950s old ammunition stocks for the D-1 were removed from the Soviet inventory. The only shells retained were the OF-530, O-530, G-530/G-530Sh, and possibly chemical shells. The Soviet Army also possessed a 152 mm nuclear shell, but it is not clear whether that shell could be used with the D-1.[9]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 152-mm howitzer M1943 (D-1).

• Shunkov V. N. – The Weapons of the Red Army, Mn. Harvest, 1999 (Шунков В. Н. – Оружие Красной Армии. – Мн.: Харвест, 1999.) ISBN 985-433-469-4
• Shirokorad A. B. – Encyclopedia of the Soviet Artillery – Mn. Harvest, 2000 (Широкорад А. Б. Энциклопедия отечественной артиллерии. – Мн.: Харвест, 2000., ISBN 985-433-703-0)
• Ivanov A. – Artillery of the USSR in Second World War – SPb Neva, 2003 (Иванов А. Артиллерия СССР во Второй Мировой войне. – СПб., Издательский дом Нева, 2003., ISBN 5-7654-2731-6)
• Ballistic Tables for the 152-mm Howitzer M1943, M. MoD, 1968 – Таблицы стрельбы 152-мм гаубицы обр. 1943 г. – М., Военное издательство министерства обороны, 1968.
• Zheltov I. G., Pavlov I. V., Pavlov M. V., Solyankin A. G. – The Soviet medium self-propelled guns 1941–1945, Moscow, 2005, 48 pp. (Желтов И. Г., Павлов И. В., Павлов М. В., Солянкин А. Г. Советские средние самоходные артиллерийские установки 1941–1945 гг. – М.: ООО Издательский центр «Экспринт», 2005. – 48 с. ISBN 5-94038-079-4)
• Kolomietz M. V. – KV. "Klim Voroshilov" breakthrough tank, Moscow, 2006, 136 pp. (Коломиец М. В. КВ. «Клим Ворошилов» – танк прорыва – М.: Коллекция, Яуза, ЭКСМО, 2006. – 136 с.:ил. ISBN 5-699-18754-5)
• Shirokorad A. B. – The Nuclear Ram of 20th century, Moscow, 2005 (Широкорад А. Б. Атомный таран XX века – М. Вече, 2005)

• Gallery of 152.4 mm howitzer model 1943 (D-1)
• Armor penetration table