Electoral Franchise Act

Elections legislation had been on the federal agenda since Confederation in 1867. Various bills to regulate the franchise at the federal level were proposed in the House of Commons between 1867 and 1885.[7] Macdonald sought to enact the statute in part because he believed it would be electorally advantageous for the Conservative Party.[8]

The statute came in the wake of other legislative efforts in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom to define more precisely who counted as a citizen or subject. Four years earlier, in 1881, Parliament had enacted the Naturalization and Aliens Act, 1881, which, among other provisions, explicitly provided that Indigenous people did not count as full British subjects unless they were able to vote.[9]

Cartoon of John A. Macdonald and William Ewart Gladstone, comparing the Electoral Franchise Act to British statutes such as the Representation of the People Act 1884 and the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885

The House of Commons debated Bill 103—which would become the Electoral Franchise Act—between March and June 1885.[5] The text initially would have allowed "spinsters" and widows who met property qualifications, as well as all Indigenous people who owned land with at least $150 in capital investment, to vote.[5] Macdonald spoke in favour of women's suffrage at several points during the debates.[10]

Early versions of the Electoral Franchise Act extended the franchise to all Indigenous peoples living in Canada, but following the North-West Rebellion, which occurred the same year the act was passed,[8] it restricted voting rights only to those living in eastern Canada.[8]

Indigenous communities including the Six Nations of the Grand River, as well as a number of Conservatives in Parliament, opposed the bill; others, including some members of the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation, supported it.[8] Some Indigenous communities rejected the Electoral Franchise Act because it followed a line of other statutes, including the Gradual Civilization Act, 1857,[11] and Gradual Enfranchisement Act, 1869,[12] that gave Indigenous people the right to vote in Canadian elections but imposed federal control over their affairs and promoted policies of "assimilation".[13][14] Such legislation also required Indigenous people to live off reserve and renounce their Indian status to be enfranchised.[15] These statutes also mandated that Indigenous people be fluent in English or French, have "good moral character", be educated, and lack debt, if they desired to become citizens.[16] As of 1876, only one Indigenous person had chosen to become a citizen through this process.[17]

The Liberal Party, which strongly opposed the bill, paid people to find signatures for a petition against it.[18] Liberals argued that the statute would increase patronage and would be expensive to administer.[19] Liberals also argued that the Electoral Franchise Act would perpetuate Macdonald's hold over national political institutions, which he had maintained through initiatives such as the National Policy; and the gerrymander of 1882, which extensively redrew riding lines through the Representation Act, 1882.[20][21] Conservatives countered that the statute would promote "national feeling" by putting control over elections in the national government.[22][23]

The act passed in the House of Commons at 1:00 am on July 4, 1885.[24][25] It received royal assent on July 20.[2]

Cartoon in Grip (May 2, 1885), commenting on the complexity of the qualifications the Electoral Franchise Act imposed

Jack Little argues that the Electoral Franchise Act was intended to "replace the use of provincial voting lists with uniform nation-wide franchise qualifications for federal elections".[26]

The statute restricted the right to vote to men over 21 who were either born or naturalized British subjects.[27] Amendments from the original text of the bill restricted the franchise considerably, preventing all women,[5] most Indigenous people west of Ontario,[5] and those of "Mongolian or Chinese race"[6][28] from voting. On May 4, 1885, Macdonald himself introduced the amendment restricting anyone identified as a "Chinaman" from voting.[29]

The ac also imposed a property qualification on the franchise which varied depending on the elector's residence.[27] John Douglas Belshaw argues that, in practice, "what appear[ed] to be universal male suffrage was in fact only extended to males who satisfied residence requirements".[30] Nonetheless, the statute did increase suffrage among men as compared to earlier legislation.[31]

In a shift from previous federal legislation, the Electoral Franchise Act did not Indigenous people to surrender Indian status in order to vote.[32]

In a letter to Charles Tupper, Macdonald called the statute his "greatest triumph".[33][34][35] Gordon Stewart argues that the legislation was of "basic importance" to Macdonald and his party because electoral margins at the time were routinely razor-thin and thus control over lists of those qualified to vote was vital in winning elections.[36]

Wilfrid Laurier's Liberal majority repealed the Electoral Franchise Act in 1898. The Franchise Act, 1898, received royal assent on June 13, 1898.[37][38]

• Chinese Immigration Act, 1885

• Belshaw, John Douglas (2016). Canadian History: Post-Confederation. Victoria, British Columbia: BCampus. ISBN 978-1-989623-13-8. OCLC 1119464881.
• Danziger, Edmund Jefferson (2009). Great Lakes Indian Accommodation and Resistance during the Early Reservation Years, 1850–1900. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-09690-9. OCLC 270131530.
• A History of the Vote in Canada (3rd ed.). Gatineau, Quebec: Elections Canada. 2021. ISBN 978-0-660-37056-9.
• Emery, George Neil (2015). Principles and Gerrymanders: Parliamentary Redistribution of Ridings in Ontario, 1840–1954. Montreal: McGill–Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-9750-1. OCLC 922140922.
• Forster, Ben; Davidson, Malcolm; Brown, R. Craig (March 1986). "The Franchise, Personators, and Dead Men: An Inquiry into the Voters' Lists and the Election of 1891". Canadian Historical Review. 67 (1): 17–41. doi:10.3138/CHR-067-01-02. ISSN 0008-3755. S2CID 153878839.
• Hodgins, Thomas (1886). The Canadian Franchise Act. Toronto: Rowsell & Hutchinson. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
• Kirkby, Coel (August 2019). "Reconstituting Canada: The Enfranchisement and Disenfranchisement of 'Indians,' circa 1837–1900". University of Toronto Law Journal. 69 (4): 497–539. doi:10.3138/utlj.2018-0078. ISSN 0042-0220.
• Little, Jack I. (October 2018). "Courting the First Nations Vote: Ontario's Grand River Reserve and the Electoral Franchise Act of 1885". Journal of Canadian Studies. 52 (2): 538–569. doi:10.3138/jcs.2017-0071.r1. ISSN 0021-9495. S2CID 149763260. Project MUSE 708852.
• Sherwin, Allan L. (2012). Bridging Two Peoples: Chief Peter E. Jones, 1843–1909. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-1-55458-652-3. OCLC 806521138.
• Stewart, Gordon (March 1982). "John A. Macdonald's Greatest Triumph". Canadian Historical Review. 63 (1): 3–33. doi:10.3138/CHR-063-01-02. ISSN 0008-3755. S2CID 154847686. Project MUSE 571007.
• Strong-Boag, Veronica (2013). "'The Citizenship Debates': The 1885 Franchise Act". In Adamoski, Robert; Chunn, Dorothy; Menzies, Robert (eds.). Contesting Canadian Citizenship. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 69–94. doi:10.3138/9781442602496-004. ISBN 978-1-4426-0249-6. JSTOR 10.3138/j.ctvg252bm.6.