1948 Italian general election

The pure party-list proportional representation chosen two years before for the election of the Constituent Assembly was adopted for the Chamber of Deputies. Italian provinces were divided into 31 constituencies, each electing a group of candidates.[lower-alpha 5] In each constituency, seats were divided between open lists using the largest remainder method with the Imperiali quota. Remaining votes and seats transferred to the national level, where special closed lists of national leaders received the last seats using the Hare quota.

For the Senate, 237 single-seat constituencies were created. The candidates needed a two-thirds majority to be elected, but only 15 aspiring senators were elected this way. All remaining votes and seats were grouped in party lists and regional constituencies, where the D'Hondt method was used: Inside the lists, candidates with the best percentages were elected.

This electoral system became standard in Italy, and was used until 1993.

The election remain unmatched in verbal aggression and fanaticism in Italy's period of democracy. According to the historian Gianni Corbi the 1948 election was "the most passionate, the most important, the longest, the dirtiest, and the most uncertain electoral campaign in Italian history".[4] The election was between two competing visions of the future of Italian society. On the right, a Roman Catholic, conservative and capitalist Italy, represented by the governing Christian Democrats of De Gasperi. On the left a secular, revolutionary and socialist society, linked to the Soviet Union and represented by the FDP coalition led by the PCI.[4]

The Christian Democrat campaign pointed to the recent communist coup in Czechoslovakia. It warned that in Communist countries, "children send parents to jail", "children are owned by the state", and told voters that disaster would strike Italy if the Communists were to take power.[5][6] Another slogan was "In the secrecy of the polling booth, God sees you – Stalin doesn't."[7]

The FDP campaign focused on living standards and avoided embarrassing questions of foreign policy, such as UN membership (vetoed by the Soviet Union) and Yugoslav control of Trieste, or losing American financial and food aid. The PCI led the FDP coalition and had effectively marginalised the PSI, which suffered loss in terms of parliamentary seats and political power.[lower-alpha 6] The PSI had also been hurt by the secession of a social-democratic faction led by Giuseppe Saragat, which contested the election with the concurrent list of Socialist Unity.

The PCI had difficulties in restraining its more militant members, who, in the period immediately after the war, had engaged in violent acts of reprisals. The areas affected by the violence (the so-called "Red Triangle" of Emilia, or parts of Liguria around Genoa and Savona, for instance) had previously seen episodes of brutality committed by the Fascists during Benito Mussolini's regime and the Italian Resistance during the Allied advance through Italy.

The 1948 general election was greatly influenced by the Cold War that was underway between the Soviet Union and the United States.[9] After his defeat in the election, PCI leader Palmiro Togliatti stated on 22 April that: "The elections were not free ... Brutal foreign intervention was used consisting of a threat to starve the country by withholding ERP aid if it voted for the Democratic Front ... The menace to use the atom bomb against towns or regions" that voted pro-communist.[10] The U.S. government's Voice of America radio began broadcasting anti-Communist propaganda to Italy on 24 March 1948.[11] The CIA, by its own admission, gave US$1 million (equivalent to $12 million in 2022) to what they referred to as "center parties"[12] and was accused of publishing forged letters to discredit the leaders of the PCI.[13] The National Security Act of 1947, that made foreign covert operations possible, had been signed into law about six months earlier by the American President Harry S. Truman.

U.S. agencies also sent ten million letters, made numerous short-wave radio broadcasts, and funded the publishing of books and articles, all of which warned Italians of the "consequences" of a communist victory. Overall, the U.S. funnelled $10 million to $20 million (equivalent to $120 million to $240 million in 2022) into the country for specifically anti-PCI purposes. The CIA also made use of off-the-books sources of financing to interfere in the election: millions of dollars from the Economic Cooperation Administration affiliated with the Marshall Plan[14] and more than $10 million in captured Nazi money were steered to anti-communist propaganda.[15] In this regard, CIA operative F. Mark Wyatt claimed: "We had bags of money that we delivered to selected politicians, to defray their political expenses, their campaign expenses, for posters, for pamphlets."[16]

Wyatt also claimed that, in the lead up to the election, the PCI received exorbitant funds of up to $10 million per month from the Soviet Union and that Italian authorities were aware of the Soviets' activities.[13] This was disputed by the PCI, which voiced its frustration at the Soviets' lack of support for the FDP's campaign.[17] Italian historian Alessandro Brogi dismisses the CIA's claims as "overexaggerated" and notes that the Soviets only undertook "ad hoc last minute diplomatic [and] financial action" because it feared that inaction in Italy would set a precedent for U.S. intervention in Eastern Europe. Despite amicable meetings in the postwar years between top PCI official Pietro Secchia and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin,[18] the Soviets were apprehensive about committing to Italy financially[17] and only provided "occasional and modest" funds to the PCI.[19][20]

The Christian Democrats eventually won the 1948 election with 48 per cent of the vote, and the FDP received 31 per cent. The CIA's practice of influencing the political situation was repeated in every Italian election for at least the next 24 years.[16] No leftist coalition won a general election until 1996. That was partly because of Italians' traditional bent for conservatism and, even more importantly, the Cold War, with the U.S. closely watching Italy, in their determination to maintain a vital NATO presence amidst the Mediterranean and retain the Yalta-agreed status quo in western Europe.[21]

The Irish government, motivated by the country's devout Catholicism, also interfered in the election by funnelling the modern day equivalent of €2 million through the Irish Embassy to the Vatican, which then distributed it to Catholic politicians. Joseph Walshe, Ireland's ambassador to the Vatican, had privately suggested secretly funding Azione Cattolica.[22]

Differences of voting strength between DC and FDP in the country

Christian Democracy won a sweeping victory, taking 48.5 per cent of the vote and 305 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 131 seats in the Senate. With an absolute majority in both chambers, DC leader and premier Alcide De Gasperi could have formed an exclusively DC government. Instead, he formed a "centrist" coalition with Liberals, Republicans and Social Democrats. De Gasperi formed three ministries during the parliamentary term, the second one in 1950 after the defection of the Liberals, who hoped for more rightist politics, and the third one in 1951 after the defection of the Social-democrats, who hoped for more leftist politics.

Following a provision of the new republican constitution, all living democratic deputies elected during the 1924 general election and deposed by the National Fascist Party in 1926, automatically became members of the first republican Senate.

Chamber of Deputies

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	Christian Democracy	12,740,042	48.51	305	+98
	Popular Democratic Front	8,136,637	30.98	183	−36
	Socialist Unity	1,858,116	7.07	33	New
	National Bloc	1,003,727	3.82	19	−52
	Monarchist National Party	729,078	2.78	14	−2
	Italian Republican Party	651,875	2.48	9	−14
	Italian Social Movement	526,882	2.01	6	New
	South Tyrolean People's Party	124,243	0.47	3	New
	Peasants' Party of Italy	95,914	0.37	1	0
	Social Christian Party	72,854	0.28	0	0
	Sardinian Action Party	61,928	0.24	1	−1
	Nationalist Movement for the Social Democracy	56,096	0.21	0	New
	Federalist Movements' Union	52,655	0.20	0	New
	Unionist People's Bloc	35,899	0.14	0	New
	Internationalist Communist Party	20,736	0.08	0	0
	Republican Progressive Democratic Front	14,482	0.06	0	–1
	National Concentration of United Combatants	11,396	0.04	0	New
	Italian Demolabourist Party	10,002	0.04	0	New
	Independent Democratic Party of Pensioners	8,125	0.03	0	New
	Independent Peasants' Party	6,733	0.03	0	New
	Democratic Front of the Italians	5,481	0.02	0	New
	Political Group The Right	4,300	0.02	0	New
	National Association of Kindred Missing in War	3,707	0.01	0	New
	Homeland and Freedom Party	3,178	0.01	0	New
	Rural and Independent Concentration of Aosta Valley	2,906	0.01	0	New
	Italian Anti-Bolshevik Front	2,756	0.01	0	New
	Independent Socialist Union	2,637	0.01	0	New
	Italian Popular Grouping	2,191	0.01	0	New
	Single Anti-Communist Front – National Awakening	2,091	0.01	0	New
	Maglio	1,642	0.01	0	New
	Italian Confederation of Free Trade Unions	1,531	0.01	0	New
	National Movement Casualties and Damaged by War	1,179	0.00	0	New
	Sardinia League	1,117	0.00	0	0
	Independent Catholic Movement Pax et Justitia	961	0.00	0	New
	Italian Existentialist Party	816	0.00	0	New
	Other parties	10,545	0.04	0	–
Total		26,264,458	100.00	574	+18
Valid votes		26,264,458	97.80
Invalid/blank votes		591,283	2.20
Total votes		26,855,741	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		29,117,270	92.23
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Popular vote DC   48.51% FDP   30.98% US   7.07% BN   3.82% PNM   2.78% PRI   2.48% MSI   2.01% Others   2.35%

Seats DC   53.14% FDP   31.88% US   5.75% BN   3.31% PNM   2.44% PRI   1.57% MSI   1.05% Others   0.87%

Senate of the Republic

Party		Votes	%	Seats
	Christian Democracy	10,899,640	48.11	131
	Popular Democratic Front	6,969,122	30.76	72
	National Bloc	1,222,419	5.40	7
	Socialist Unity	943,219	4.16	8
	US – PRI	607,792	2.68	4
	Italian Republican Party	594,178	2.62	4
	Monarchist National Party	393,510	1.74	3
	Italian Social Movement	164,092	0.72	1
	South Tyrolean People's Party	95,406	0.42	2
	Peasants' Party of Italy	65,986	0.29	0
	Sardinian Action Party	65,743	0.29	1
	Federalist Movements' Union	42,880	0.19	0
	Nationalist Movement for the Social Democracy	27,152	0.12	0
	Republican Progressive Democratic Front	13,479	0.06	0
	Rural and Independent Concentration of Aosta Valley	2,868	0.01	0
	Independent Socialist Union	2,833	0.01	0
	Other parties	2,932	0.01	0
	Independents	544,039	2.40	4
Total		22,657,290	100.00	237
Valid votes		22,657,290	95.03
Invalid/blank votes		1,185,629	4.97
Total votes		23,842,919	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		25,874,809	92.15
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Popular vote DC   48.11% FDP   30.76% BN   5.40% US   4.16% US–PRI   2.68% PRI   2.62% PNM   1.74% Others   4.53%

Seats DC   55.27% FDP   30.38% US   3.38% BN   2.85% US–PRI   1.69% PRI   1.69% PNM   1.27% Others   3.38%

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1948 elections in Italy.

• Pedaliu, Effie GH. "The 18 April 1948 Italian election: seventy years on" LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog (2018)