1977 Oman cyclone

The 1977 Oman cyclone was the deadliest tropical cyclone on record to strike Oman. The storm formed off the west coast of India in the Arabian Sea, and curved westward to reach peak winds of 110 km/h (68 mph). The storm struck Masirah Island and later southern Oman on June 13, before dissipating the next day over Saudi Arabia. Producing wind gusts to 230 km/h (140 mph), the storm was the strongest cyclone on record to hit the Arabian Peninsula until Cyclone Gonu hit in 2007. About 95% of Marisah Island was damaged by the strong winds, including much of the military base. The cyclone dropped 430.6 mm (16.95 in) of rainfall over a 24-hour period on Marisah, which was the highest daily total in the country as of 2003. Overall, the storm killed at least 105 people and left 50,000 homeless.

Severe Cyclonic Storm 02A
Extremely severe cyclonic storm (IMD scale)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Satellite image of the storm on June 12, 1977
FormedJune 6, 1977 (1977-06-06)
DissipatedJune 14, 1977 (1977-06-15)
Highest winds3-minute sustained: 165 km/h (105 mph)
1-minute sustained: 110 km/h (70 mph)
Lowest pressure959 hPa (mbar); 28.32 inHg
FatalitiesAt least 105
Areas affectedOman
Part of the 1977 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On June 6, a monsoon depression formed in the Arabian Sea about 500 km (310 mi) south-southwest of Goa, India. It initially paralleled the Indian coastline, becoming a tropical storm on June 9 with a minimum barometric pressure of 986 mbar (29.1 inHg).[1] That day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began tracking the system. The storm moved northward, followed by a northwest turn on June 10.[2] It curved toward the west, and the JTWC reported the cyclone as reaching peak 1–minute sustained winds of 110 km/h (68 mph) on June 11.[2] In addition, the India Meteorological Department estimated the system became a severe cyclonic storm, which has sustained winds of at least 118 km/h (73 mph).[3] On June 12, the storm attained a minimum pressure of 975 mbar (28.8 inHg) while continuing westward.[1]

On June 13, the eye of the cyclone passed over Masirah Island for a 40-minute period, producing peak sustained winds of 167 km/h (104 mph) and a minimum pressure of 956 mbar (28.2 inHg).[1] The JTWC issued the final advisory at 0800 UTC that day.[2] The Oman Department of Meteorology reported the storm as being much stronger than the JTWC, with sustained winds of 105 mph (169 km/h) and gusts to 230 km/h (140 mph).[4] The cyclone was the strongest on record to make landfall on the Arabian Peninsula, until Cyclone Gonu surpassed it in 2007.[5][6] Shortly after striking Masirah, the storm moved ashore mainland Oman, causing rapid weakening to tropical depression status. The system dissipated on June 14 after crossing into southeastern Saudi Arabia.[2]

Impact and aftermath

Along the southwest coast of India, the storm produced high swells of up to 7 m (23 ft) in conjunction with the monsoon. The waves affected several drilling rigs operated by the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, forcing work to shut down. The tanker Texaco Plymouth experienced significant structural damage from the storm, losing two lifeboats. The freighter Buxom Island in the central Arabian Sea experienced 139 km/h (86 mph) winds before sinking, which took the lives of 23 of its crew.[1]

The military base in Masirah was first warned about the cyclone on June 11. The next day, officials there raised a Category 3 warning, which was soon upgraded to Category 2. Aircraft were stored in hangars, and workers inspected the roofs of buildings before riding out the storm in a shelter. Hurricane-force winds struck during the morning hours of June 13, with sustained winds peaking at 167 km/h (104 mph) and gusts to 200 km/h (120 mph). After a lull during the eye's passage, winds then increased out of the southwest towards 185 km/h (115 mph). The strong winds caused buildings to collapse and roof beams to be blown through the air. Every building at the base sustained damage, and virtually all homes in the nearby village were leveled.[1] The radio relay station on the island was also damaged.[7] Overall, the storm wrecked about 95% of the buildings in Masirah,[8] leaving 2,000 people homeless there. Rain totals were significant, with a total of 482.3 mm (18.99 in) falling 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Salalah.[1] A station on Masirah Island reported 430.6 mm (16.95 in) in 24 hours, more than six times the average annual precipitation there. The total was the highest daily rainfall in the period from 1977 to 2003 nationwide.[9] Floods washed away thousands of animals as well as lime and palm-tree plantations,[1] downing thousands of trees across the region.[10] The rains flooded the main highway from Muscat to Salalah, and also accumulated in the typically dry Dhofar region. There, most drains were unable to withstand the unusual flooding.[1]

The cyclone was considered the worst disaster in Oman during the 20th century,[10] and remains the deadliest cyclone as of 2010.[11] Overall, the cyclone caused 105 deaths,[12] and over 5,000 injuries,[13] and left about 20,000 people homeless.[10] The death toll is disputed, as another report indicated 110 deaths in Oman.[1] After the storm, neighboring Saudi Arabia sent assistance to Oman,[14] as did other nations in the Persian Gulf.[15] The cyclone struck before the nation created a coordinated disaster network in 1988; as a result, the relief work was spread among various agencies.[16]

See also

References
  1. David Membery (July 2002). "Monsoon Tropical Cyclones: Part 2". Weather. 57 (7): 247–255. Bibcode:2002Wthr...57..246M. doi:10.1256/004316502760195911.
  2. Joint Typhoon Warning Center Staff (1977). "Annual Typhoon Report" (PDF). United States Military. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  3. "Tracks of Cyclones and Depressions over North Indian Ocean". Cyclone eAtlas. India Meteorological Department. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
  4. Yassine Charabi (2009). Indian Ocean: Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change. Springer. ISBN 9789048131105. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  5. NASA (2007). "Rare Tropical Cyclone Churns in Arabian Sea". Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  6. Staff Writer (2007-06-06). "Weakening cyclone Gonu hits Oman". Agence French-Presse. Archived from the original on 2010-11-21. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  7. "Masirah Radio Station". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 1977-07-07. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  8. "Weather Statistics". The Argus Press. 1992-06-13. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  9. Andy Y. Kwarteng; Atsu S. Dorvlob; Ganiga T. Vijaya Kumara (2008-07-09). "Analysis of a 27-year rainfall data (1977–2003) in the Sultanate of Oman". International Journal of Climatology. 29 (4): 607, 610. Bibcode:2009IJCli..29..605K. doi:10.1002/joc.1727. S2CID 128503378.
  10. Staff Writer (1977-06-20). "50 Killed in Oman Hurricane". The Sydney herald. AAP-Reuters. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
  11. Sultan Al-Shaqsi (July 2010). "Care or Cry: Three years from Cyclone Gonu. What have we learnt?". Oman Medical Journal. 25 (3): 162–7. doi:10.5001/omj.2010.50. PMC 3191634. PMID 22043331.
  12. Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (August 1993). "Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1990-present" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-03-25.
  13. Sultan Z Al-Shaqsi. Emergency management in the Arabian Peninsula: A case study from the Sultanate of Oman (Report). Federal Emergency Management Agency. Archived from the original (DOC) on 2013-02-28. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  14. Joseph A. Kechichian (1995). Oman and the World: The Emergence of an Independent Foreign Policy. Santa Monica, California: Rand. p. 73. ISBN 9780833023322. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  15. "Aid Sent Oman". Spokesman Review. 1977-06-23. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
  16. "About Us". Oman National Committee for Civil Defense. Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
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