1D-chiro-Inositol

1D-chiro-Inositol[2] (formerly D-chiro-inositol, commonly abbreviated DCI) is a member of a family of related substances often referred to collectively as "inositol", although that term encompasses several isomers of questionable biological relevance, including 1L-chiro-inositol. myo-Inositol is converted into DCI by an insulin dependent NAD/NADH epimerase enzyme.[3][4][5][6][7] It is known to be an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction. DCI accelerates the dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase and pyruvate dehydrogenase, rate limiting enzymes of non-oxidative and oxidative glucose disposal. DCI may act to bypass defective normal epimerization of myo-inositol to DCI associated with insulin resistance and at least partially restore insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal.[8] One pilot study found males taking it had increased androgens and reduced estrogen.[9]

1D-chiro-Inositol[1]
D-chiro-Inositol
Names
IUPAC name
1D-chiro-Inositol[2]
Systematic IUPAC name
(1R,2R,3S,4S,5S,6S)-Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol
Other names
DCI
cis-1,2,4-trans-3,5,6-Cyclohexanehexol
1D-1,2,4/3,5,6-Cyclohexanehexol[2]
1,2,4/3,5,6-Hexahydroxycyclohexane
(+)-inositol[2]
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.010.359
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h1-12H/t1-,2-,3-,4-,5+,6+/m0/s1 checkY
    Key: CDAISMWEOUEBRE-LKPKBOIGSA-N checkY
  • O[C@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O
Properties
C6H12O6
Molar mass 180.156 g·mol−1
Melting point 230 °C (446 °F; 503 K)
[α]23/D +55°, c = 1.2 in H2O
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

References
  1. Merck Index, 11th Edition, 4883
  2. IUPAC Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (2013). "P-104.2.1". In Favre, Henri A.; Powell, Warren H. (eds.). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. IUPAC–RSC. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
  3. Sortino, Maria A.; Salomone, Salvatore; Carruba, Michele O.; Drago, Filippo (2017-06-08). "Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Insights into the Therapeutic Approach with Inositols". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8: 341. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00341. ISSN 1663-9812. PMC 5463048. PMID 28642705.
  4. Kalra, Bharti; Kalra, Sanjay; Sharma, J. B. (2016). "The inositols and polycystic ovary syndrome". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 20 (5): 720–724. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.189231. ISSN 2230-8210. PMC 5040057. PMID 27730087.
  5. Nestler, John E.; Unfer, Vittorio (July 2015). "Reflections on inositol(s) for PCOS therapy: steps toward success". Gynecological Endocrinology. 31 (7): 501–505. doi:10.3109/09513590.2015.1054802. ISSN 1473-0766. PMID 26177098. S2CID 207490049.
  6. Bizzarri, M.; Carlomagno, G. (July 2014). "Inositol: history of an effective therapy for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 18 (13): 1896–1903. ISSN 2284-0729. PMID 25010620.
  7. Heimark, Douglas; McAllister, Jan; Larner, Joseph (2014). "Decreased myo-inositol to chiro-inositol (M/C) ratios and increased M/C epimerase activity in PCOS theca cells demonstrate increased insulin sensitivity compared to controls". Endocrine Journal. 61 (2): 111–117. doi:10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0423. ISSN 1348-4540. PMID 24189751.
  8. Larner, Joseph (2002). "D-chiro-inositol—its functional role in insulin action and its deficit in insulin resistance". International Journal of Experimental Diabetes Research. 3 (1): 47–60. doi:10.1080/15604280212528. ISSN 1560-4284. PMC 2478565. PMID 11900279.
  9. Monastra G, Vazquez-Levin M, Bezerra Espinola MS, Bilotta G, Laganà AS, Unfer V (June 2021). "D-chiro-inositol, an aromatase down-modulator, increases androgens and reduces estrogens in male volunteers: a pilot study". Basic and Clinical Andrology. 31 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/s12610-021-00131-x. PMC 8173878. PMID 34078260.
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