2001 United Kingdom general election

The election had been expected on 3 May, to coincide with local elections, but on 2 April 2001, both were postponed to 7 June because of rural movement restrictions imposed in response to the foot-and-mouth outbreak that had started in February.

The elections were marked by voter apathy, with turnout falling to 59.4%, the lowest (and first under 70%) since the Coupon Election of 1918. Throughout the election the Labour Party had maintained a significant lead in the opinion polls and the result was deemed to be so certain that some bookmakers paid out for a Labour majority before election day. However, the opinion polls the previous autumn had shown the first Tory lead (though only by a narrow margin) in the opinion polls for eight years as they benefited from the public anger towards the government over the fuel protests which had led to a severe shortage of motor fuel.

By the end of 2000, however, the dispute had been resolved and Labour were firmly back in the lead of the opinion polls.[6] In total, a mere 29 parliamentary seats changed hands at the 2001 Election.[7]

2001 also saw the rare election of an independent. Richard Taylor of Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern (usually now known simply as "Health Concern") unseated a government MP, David Lock, in Wyre Forest. There was also a high vote for British National Party leader Nick Griffin in Oldham West and Royton, in the wake of recent race riots in the town of Oldham.

In Northern Ireland, the election was far more dramatic and marked a move by unionists away from support for the Good Friday Agreement, with the moderate unionist Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) losing to the more hardline Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). This polarisation was also seen in the nationalist community, with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) vote losing out to more left-wing and republican Sinn Féin. It also saw a tightening of the parties as the small UK Unionist Party lost its only seat.

For Labour, the last four years had run relatively smoothly.[8] The party had successfully defended all their by election seats, and many suspected a Labour win was inevitable from the start.

Many in the party, however, were afraid of voter apathy, which was epitomised in a poster of "Hague with Margaret Thatcher's hair", captioned "Get out and vote. Or they get in."[9] Despite recessions in mainland Europe and the United States, due to the bursting of global tech bubbles, Britain was notably unaffected and Labour however could rely on a strong economy as unemployment continued to decline toward election day, putting to rest any fears of a Labour government putting the economic situation at risk.

For William Hague, however, the Conservative Party had still not fully recovered from the loss in 1997. The party was still divided over Europe, and talk of a referendum on joining the Eurozone was rife, and as a result "Save The Pound" was one of the key slogans deployed in the Conservatives' campaign. As Labour remained at the political centre, the Tories moved to the right. A policy gaffe by Oliver Letwin over public spending cuts left the party with an own goal that Labour soon exploited.

Thatcher gave a speech to the Conservative Election Rally in Plymouth on May 22, 2001, calling New Labour "rootless, empty, and artificial." She also added to Hague's troubles when speaking out strongly against the Euro to applause. Hague himself, although a witty performer at Prime Minister's Questions, was dogged in the press and reminded of his speech, given at the age of 16, at the 1977 Conservative Conference. The Sun newspaper only added to the Conservatives' woes by backing Labour for a second consecutive election, calling Hague a "dead parrot" during the Conservative Party's conference in October 1998.[10][11][12]

The Tories campaigned on a strongly right-wing platform, emphasising the issues of Europe, immigration and tax, the fabled "Tebbit Trinity". They also released a poster showing a heavily pregnant Tony Blair, stating "Four years of Labour and he still hasn't delivered".[13] However, Labour countered by asking where the proposed tax cuts were going to come from, and decried the Tory policy as "cut here, cut there, cut everywhere", in reference to the widespread belief that the Conservatives would make major cuts to public services in order to fund tax cuts. Labour also capitalised on the strong economic conditions of the time, and another major line of attack (primarily directed towards Michael Portillo, now Shadow Chancellor after returning to Parliament via a by-election) was to warn of a return to "Tory Boom and Bust" under a Conservative administration.

Charles Kennedy contested his first election as leader of the Liberal Democrats.[14]

• Labour received endorsements from The Sun, The Daily Express, The Times (for the first time in its history),[19] The Daily Mirror, The Financial Times, The Economist, and The Guardian.[20][21]
• The Independent endorsed Labour and/or the Liberal Democrats.
• The Conservatives were endorsed by the Daily Mail and The Daily Telegraph.[20]

Constituency results by party

Equal-area projection of constituency results

Equal-area projection of constituency gains

The election result was effectively a repeat of 1997, as the Labour Party retained an overwhelming majority, with the BBC announcing the victory at 02:58 on the early morning of 8 June. Having presided over relatively serene political, economic and social conditions, the feeling of prosperity in the United Kingdom had been maintained into the new millennium, and Labour would have a free hand to assert its ideals in the subsequent parliament. Despite the victory, voter apathy was a major issue, as turnout fell below 60%, 12 percentage points down on 1997. All three of the main parties saw their total votes fall, with Labour's total vote dropping by 2.8 million on 1997, the Conservatives 1.3 million, and the Liberal Democrats 428,000. Some suggested this dramatic fall was a sign of the general acceptance of the status quo and the likelihood of Labour's majority remaining unassailable.[22]

For the Conservatives, the huge loss they had sustained in 1997 was repeated. Despite gaining nine seats, the Tories lost seven to the Liberal Democrats, and one even to Labour. William Hague was quick to announce his resignation, doing so at 07:44 outside the Conservative Party headquarters. Some believed that Hague had been unlucky; although most considered him to be a talented orator and an intelligent statesman, he had come up against the charismatic Tony Blair in the peak of his political career, and it was no surprise that little progress was made in reducing Labour's majority after a relatively smooth parliament.

Staying at what they considered rock bottom, however, showed that the Conservatives had failed to improve their negative public image, had remained somewhat disunited over Europe, and had not regained the trust that they had lost in the 1990s. Hague's focus on the "Save The Pound" campaign narrative had failed to gain any traction; Labour's successful countertactic was to be repeatedly vague over the issue of future monetary union - and said that the UK would only consider joining the Eurozone "when conditions were right". But in Scotland, despite flipping one seat from the Scottish National Party, their vote collapse continued. They failed to retake former strongholds in Scotland as the Nationalists consolidated their grip on the Northeastern portion of the country.[23]

The Liberal Democrats could point to steady progress under their new leader, Charles Kennedy, gaining more seats than the main two parties—albeit only six overall—and maintaining the performance of a pleasing 1997 election, where the party had doubled its number of seats from 20 to 46. While they had yet to become electable as a government, they underlined their growing reputation as a worthwhile alternative to Labour and Conservative, offering plenty of debate in Parliament and representing more than a mere protest vote.

The SNP failed to gain any new seats and lost a seat to the Conservatives by just 79 votes. In Wales, Plaid Cymru both gained a seat from Labour and lost one to them.

In Northern Ireland the Ulster Unionists, despite gaining North Down, lost five other seats.

All parties with more than 500 votes shown.

The seat gains reflect changes on the 1997 general election result. Two seats had changed hands in by-elections in the intervening period. These were as follows:

• Romsey from Conservative to Liberal Democrats. The Liberal Democrats held this seat in 2001.
• South Antrim from Ulster Unionists to Democratic Unionists. The Ulster Unionists won this seat back in 2001.

The results of the election give a Gallagher index of dis-proportionality of 17.74.

Voter Demographics

MORI interviewed 18,657 adults in Great Britain after the election which suggested the following demographic breakdown...[25]

The 2001 UK general election vote in Great Britain (in per cent)
Social Group	Lab	Con	Lib Dem	Others	Lead	Turnout
Total	42	33	19	6	9	59
Gender
Men	42	32	18	8	10	61
Women	42	33	19	6	9	58
Age
18-24	41	27	24	8	14	39
25-34	51	24	19	6	27	46
35-44	45	28	19	8	17	59
45-54	41	32	20	7	9	65
55-64	37	39	17	7	2	69
65+	39	40	17	4	1	70
Social class
AB	30	39	25	6	9	68
C1	38	36	20	6	2	60
C2	49	29	15	7	20	56
DE	55	24	13	8	31	53
Work status
Full time	43	30	20	7	13	57
Part time	43	29	21	7	14	56
Not working	41	36	18	5	5	63
Unemployed	54	23	11	12	31	44
Self-employed	32	39	18	11	7	60
Housing tenure
Owner	32	43	19	6	11	68
Mortgage	42	31	20	7	11	59
Council/HA	60	18	14	8	42	52
Private rent	40	28	25	7	12	46
Men by age
18-24	38	29	26	7	9	43
25-34	52	24	19	5	28	47
35-54	43	29	19	9	14	64
55+	39	39	16	6	Tie	73
Men by social class
AB	31	38	25	6	7	68
C1	39	36	14	11	3	62
C2	49	28	14	9	21	56
DE	55	23	14	8	32	56
Women by age
18-24	45	24	23	8	21	36
25-34	49	25	19	7	24	46
35-54	43	31	20	6	12	60
55+	38	40	18	4	2	67
Women by social class
AB	28	41	26	5	13	68
C1	37	37	20	6	Tie	59
C2	48	30	17	5	18	56
DE	56	25	13	6	31	50
Readership
Daily Express	33	43	19	5	10	63
Daily Mail	24	55	17	4	31	65
The Mirror	71	11	13	5	58	62
Daily Record	59	8	10	23	36	57
Daily Telegraph	16	65	14	5	49	71
Financial Times	30	48	21	1	18	64
The Guardian	52	6	34	8	18	68
The Independent	38	12	44	6	6	69
Daily Star	56	21	17	6	35	48
The Sun	52	29	11	8	23	50
The Times	28	40	26	6	12	66
No daily paper	45	27	22	6	18	56
Evening Standard	42	29	21	8	13	51
Sunday Readership
News of World	55	27	12	6	28	52
Sunday Express	29	47	20	4	18	67
Sunday Mail	53	14	13	20	33	59
Sunday Mirror	72	16	9	3	56	62
Sunday Post	43	22	18	17	21	64
Sunday Telegraph	17	63	13	7	46	71
Mail on Sunday	25	53	17	5	28	65
The Observer	53	4	34	9	19	71
Sunday People	65	19	13	3	46	60
Sunday Times	29	40	24	7	11	67
Independent on Sunday	47	10	37	6	10	70
No Sunday paper	42	30	22	6	12	55

The disproportionality of the house of parliament in the 2001 election was 18.03 according to the Gallagher Index, mainly between Labour and the Liberal Democrats.

• Labour (Ambitions for Britain)
• Conservative (Time for Common Sense)
• Liberal Democrat (Freedom, Justice, Honesty)
• UK Independence Party
• British National Party (Where we stand!)
• Green Party of England and Wales
• Ulster Unionist Party
• Progressive Unionist Party
• Social Democratic and Labour Party (It's working – let's keep building)
• Plaid Cymru
• Scottish National Party (Heart of the Manifesto 2001)
• ProLife Alliance
• The Democratic Party (The will of the people NOT the party)
• Kidderminster Health Concern
• Monster Raving Loony Party (Vote for insanity – you know it makes sense)
• The Stuckist Party
• Scottish Socialist Party
• Left Alliance
• Communist Party of Britain (People's need before corporate profit greed)
• Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist)

• List of MPs elected in the 2001 United Kingdom general election
• List of MPs for constituencies in Wales (2001–2005)
• List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2001–2005)
• 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
• 2001 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland
• 2001 United Kingdom general election in England
• 2001 United Kingdom general election in Scotland
• 2001 United Kingdom general election in Wales
• 2001 United Kingdom local elections

• Butler, David and Dennis Kavanagh. The British General Election of 2001 (2002), the standard scholarly study
• Morgan, Bryn (18 June 2001). "General Election Results, 7 June 2001 [Revised Edition]" (PDF). Research Paper 01/54. House of Commons Library.

• BBC News: Vote 2001 – in depth coverage.
• Catalogue of 2001 general election ephemera at the Archives Division of the London School of Economics.