2018 in echinoderm paleontology

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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2018.

Echinoderms

Research

A study on the morphology of specimens of the blastoid species Deltoblastus batheri and Deltoblastus delta from the Permian of Timor, evaluating whether the differences indicative of niche differentiation could be detected, is published by Morgan (2018).[2]
A study on the morphological development of the primary large thecal plate in the widest part of the theca of Guizhoueocrinus yui is published online by Wang et al. (2018).[3]
Fatka, Nohejlová & Lefebvre (2018) interpret enigmatic Drumian echinoderm Lapillocystites fragilis as likely junior synonym of the edrioasteroid species Stromatocystites pentangularis.[4]
A study on the frequency of breakage and regeneration in the spines of the Middle Devonian camerate Gennaeocrinus and late Paleozoic cladids, as well as a survey of the prevalence of spinosity and infestation by platyceratid gastropods on crinoids during the Paleozoic, is published by Syverson et al. (2018).[5]
Brachial spines of pirasocrinid cladid crinoids displaying evidence for multiple episodes of breakage and regeneration are described from the Upper Pennsylvanian Ames Member of the Glenshaw Formation (Ohio, United States) by Thomka & Eddy (2018).[6]
A study on the morphology of arms of fossil and modern crinoids spanning from the Ordovician to the recent, evaluating whether known crinoid clades had more capacity to evolve morphological variation around the time of their origin than later in their evolutionary history, is published by Pimiento et al. (2018).[7]
A study on the changes of the body sizes of crinoids after the Late Devonian extinction is published by Brom, Salamon & Gorzelak (2018).[8]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of disparid crinoids is published by Ausich (2018).[9]
A study on the microstructure of the stalk of the Triassic crinoid Holocrinus is published by Gorzelak (2018), who interprets his findings as indicating that Holocrinus was likely capable of stalk autotomy.[10]
A study on the occurrences of post-Paleozoic (Ladinian to Ypresian) crinoids from northeast Spain, on the main stratigraphic and sedimentological features of the sedimentary units that have yielded complete identifiable crinoids, and on their implications for reconstructing the environmental distribution of these crinoids, is published by Zamora et al. (2018).[11]
37 new Antarctic and Australian occurrences of Cenozoic isocrinid crinoids, representing nine different species in three genera, are reported by Whittle et al. (2018), who interpret their findings as indicating that isocrinid migration from shallow to deep water during the Mesozoic marine revolution did not occur at the same time all over the world.[12]
A study on the evolution of Paleozoic starfish is published by Blake (2018), who names new extinct orders Euaxosida, Hadrosida, and Kermasida, as well as new families Lacertasteridae, Permasteridae, and Illusioluididae.[13]
A study on the evolution of the species richness and morphological diversity of sea urchins in the Jurassic (Toarcian to Tithonian stages) is published by Boivin et al. (2018).[14]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Amphilimna intersepultosetme[15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	United States ( South Carolina)	A brittle star belonging to the order Amphilepidida, the superfamily Ophionereidoidea and the family Amphilimnidae.
Amphiope caronei[16]	Sp. nov	Valid	Stara & Marini	Miocene (late Tortonian)		Italy	A sand dollar belonging to the family Astriclypeidae.
Amphioplus clementsi[15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	United States ( South Carolina)	A brittle star belonging to the family Amphiuridae.
Amphiura shannoni[15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	United States ( South Carolina)	A brittle star belonging to the family Amphiuridae, a species of Amphiura.
Anomalocrinus astrictus[17]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ausich et al.	Ordovician (Katian)	Brechin Lagerstätte	Canada ( Ontario)	A disparid crinoid belonging to the family Anomalocrinidae.
Antiquaster apertisulcus[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gladwell	Silurian (Ludlow)	Leintwardine Beds	United Kingdom	A stenurid brittle star.
Arabicodiadema romani[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Smith & Jagt in Jagt et al.	Cretaceous	Dhalqut Formation	Oman	A sea urchin.
Archaeocrinus maraensis[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		Canada ( Ontario)	A camerate crinoid.
Archaeocrinus sundayae[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		Canada ( Ontario)	A camerate crinoid.
Artichthyocrinus limani[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mao et al.	Permian (Asselian)	Taiyuan Formation	China	A crinoid.
Assericrinus[22]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		United Kingdom	A crinoid. The type species is A. portusadernensis.
Bdellacoma fortispina[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gladwell	Silurian (Ludlow)	Leintwardine Beds	United Kingdom	A stenurid brittle star.
Becuaster[23]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)		France	A starfish belonging to the family Korethrasteridae. The type species is B. fusiliformis
Betelgeusia brezinai[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	Blake, Halligan & Larson	Late Cretaceous		United States ( South Dakota)
Birgenelocrinus jagti[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale, Sadorf & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	United States ( North Carolina)	A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida.
Brezinacantha[26]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Thuy et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Pierre Shale	United States ( South Dakota)	A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae. The type species is B. tolis.
Camachoaster[27]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mooi et al.	Early Miocene	Chenque Formation	Argentina	A sand dollar belonging to the group Scutelliformes. The type species is C. maquedensis
Cicerocrinus gracilis[28]	Sp. nov	Valid	Donovan in Bogolepova et al.	Silurian (Wenlock)	Uzyan Formation	Russia ( Bashkortostan)	A crinoid belonging to the subclass Disparida, to the order Pisocrinida and to the family Pisocrinidae.
Cleiocrinus lepidotus[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		Canada ( Ontario)	A camerate crinoid.
Clypeaster sarawakensis[29]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mihaljević & Rosenblatt	Miocene		Malaysia	A species of Clypeaster.
Conulus sanzgarciai[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Forner Valls & Moreno Bedmar	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Forcall Formation	Spain	A sea urchin.
Costatocrinus laevis[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		United Kingdom	A crinoid.
Delicaster hotchkissi[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Koniecki	Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)	Canyon Series, Graford Group	United States ( Texas)	A starfish belonging to the order Kermasida and to the family Permasteridae.
Diplocidaris bernasconii[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bischof, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	St-Ursanne Formation	Switzerland France?	A sea urchin belonging to the group Cidaroida and the family Diplocidaridae. Originally described as a species of Diplocidaris, but subsequently made the type species of the separate genus Pseudodiplocidaris.[33]
Elgaecrinus[34]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rozhnov	Devonian (Lochkovian)	Katnikov Beds	Russia ( Sverdlovsk Oblast)	A cladid crinoid related to Crotalocrinites. The type species is E. uralicus
Eocenocrinus[35]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Merle & Roux	Eocene		France Italy	A stalked crinoid, possibly the oldest known member of the family Phrynocrinidae. The type species is E. hessi; genus also includes new species E. bayani, as well as "Bourgueticrinus" didymus Schauroth (1855).
Euptychocrinus? atelis[36]	Sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A camerate crinoid. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Goniopygus dhalqutensis[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Smith & Jagt in Jagt et al.	Cretaceous	Dhalqut Formation	Oman	A sea urchin.
Hansaster[23]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)		France Germany Switzerland	A starfish belonging to the family Pterasteridae. Genus includes "Savignaster" trimbachensis Gale (2011).
Hessicrinus apertus[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		United Kingdom	A crinoid.
Hessicrinus cooperi[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		United Kingdom	A crinoid.
Heteraster guali[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Forner Valls	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Maestrat Basin	Spain	A heart urchin.
Hypselaster strougoi[38]	Sp. nov	Valid	Elattaar	Eocene (Lutetian)	Midawara Formation	Egypt	A heart urchin.
Iocrinus ouzammoui[36]	Sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Disparida. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Isthloucrinus[36]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida. Genus includes new species I. praecursor. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Kroppocrinus garamdouaraensis[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Waters & Klug	Devonian (Emsian)		Morocco	A crinoid.
Lazarechinus[40]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hagdorn	Middle Triassic (late Anisian)	Calcaire à entroques	France	A stem-sea urchin belonging to the family Proterocidaridae. Genus includes new species L. mirabeti.
Lillithaster[15]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	United States ( South Carolina)	A basket star belonging to the family Asteronychidae. The type species is L. lamentatiofelium.
Linguaserra triassica[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Reich et al.	Late Triassic (Carnian)	Cassian Formation	Italy	A member of Ophiocistioidea belonging to the family Linguaserridae.
Longwyaster[23]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Middle Jurassic (Bajocian)		France	A starfish belonging to the family Pterasteridae. Genus includes new species L. delsatei
Loriolaster fragilicalceus[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gladwell	Silurian (Ludlow)	Leintwardine Beds	United Kingdom	An oegophiurid brittle star.
Lucernacrinus multispinosus[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale, Sadorf & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	United States ( North Carolina)	A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida.
Luxaster[42]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Müller et al.	Early Devonian		Germany Luxembourg	A brittle star belonging to the family Protasteridae. Genus includes new species L. martini, as well as L. schweitzeri.
Magnuscrinus cumberlandensis[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ausich, Rhenberg & Meyer	Carboniferous (Viséan)	Fort Payne Formation	United States ( Kentucky)	A crinoid belonging to the family Batocrinidae.
Melusinaster[44]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Thuy & Stöhr	Early and Middle Jurassic (Toarcian to Bajocian)		Germany Luxembourg	A basket star. The type species is M. alissawhitegluzae; genus also includes M. arcusinimicus.
Micraster woodi[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schlüter & Wiese	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)		Germany	A sea urchin.
Monobrachiocrinus waipapaensis[46]	Sp. nov	Valid	Eagle, Hoskin & Hayward	Permian		New Zealand	A cladid crinoid.
Muicrinus[47]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lin et al.	Ordovician (latest Floian-earliest Dapingian)	Dawan Formation	China	A crinoid related to Iocrinus. The type species is M. dawanensis.
Neoprotencrinus anyangensis[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mao et al.	Permian (Asselian)	Taiyuan Formation	China	A crinoid.
Ophioculina[48]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rousseau & Thuy in Rousseau, Gale & Thuy	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Agardhfjellet Formation	Norway	A brittle star belonging to the group Ophiurina and the family Ophiopyrgidae. The type species is O. hoybergia.
Ophiotreta sadorfi[15]	Sp. nov	Valid	Thuy, Numberger-Thuy & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	United States ( South Carolina)	A brittle star belonging to the order Ophiacanthida and the family Ophiotomidae.
Pachycephalocrinus[49]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cole & Toom	Ordovician (Katian)		Estonia	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida. Genus includes new species P. jaanussoni.
Pahvanticystis[50]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lefebvre & Lerosey-Aubril	Cambrian (Guzhangian)	Weeks Formation	United States ( Utah)	A solutan echinoderm. Genus includes new species P. utahensis.
Panidiscus[51]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sumrall & Zamora	Ordovician (Katian)		Morocco	An isorophinid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species P. tamiformis. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Peedeecrinus[25]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale in Gale, Sadorf & Jagt	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Peedee Formation	United States ( North Carolina)	A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida. Genus includes new species P. sadorfi.
Petalobrissus lehugueurae[52]	Sp. nov	Valid	Alves et al.	Late Cretaceous	Jandaíra Formation	Brazil	A sea urchin belonging to the family Faujasiidae.
Phyllobrissus garciavivesi[53]	Sp. nov	Valid	Forner Valls	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Margues del Forcall Formation	Spain	A sea urchin.
Placatenella[27]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Mooi et al.	Early Miocene	Pirabas Formation	Brazil	A sand dollar belonging to the group Scutelliformes. The type species is "Abertella" complanata Brito (1981).
Pliotoxaster andinum[54]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fouquet, Roney & Wilke	Early Cretaceous	Way Group	Chile	A sea urchin.
Polarasterias[48]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rousseau & Gale in Rousseau, Gale & Thuy	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Agardhfjellet Formation	Norway	A starfish belonging to the family Asteriidae. The type species is P. janusensis.
Priscillacrinus[20]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cole et al.	Ordovician (Katian)		Canada ( Ontario)	A camerate crinoid belonging to Order Diplobathrida. Genus includes new species P. elegans.
Prokopius[55]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Paul	Ordovician (Sandbian)		Czech Republic	A member of Diploporita belonging to the family Aristocystitidae; a new genus for "Aristocystites" sculptus Barrande (1887).
Propteraster[23]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)		France	A starfish belonging to the family Pterasteridae. Genus includes new species P. amourensis
Rautangaroa[56]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Baumiller & Fordyce	Oligocene		New Zealand	A feather star. Genus includes "Cypelometra" aotearoa Eagle (2007).
Sacariacrinus amadei[57]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hess & Thuy	Jurassic		France	A cyrtocrinid crinoid.
Sagittacrinus alifer[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		United Kingdom	A crinoid.
Sagittacrinus longirostris[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Late Cretaceous (early Campanian)		United Kingdom	A crinoid.
Sakucrinus[49]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cole & Toom	Ordovician (Katian)		Estonia	A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Diplobathrida and the family Opsiocrinidae. Genus includes new species S. krossi.
Sardospatangus[58]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Stara, Charbonnier & Borghi	Miocene		Italy	A heart urchin. The type species is S. caschilii; genus also includes S. arburensis, as well as "Prospatangus" thieryi Lambert (1909).
Savignaster septemtrionalis[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rousseau & Gale in Rousseau, Gale & Thuy	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Agardhfjellet Formation	Norway	A starfish belonging to the family Pterasteridae.
Sertulaster[31]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Blake & Koniecki	Ordovician (Katian)	Bobcaygeon Formation Verulam Formation	Canada ( Ontario)	A starfish belonging to the order Hadrosida and to the family Palaeasteridae. The type species is S. keslingi.
Spinadiscus[51]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Sumrall & Zamora	Ordovician (Katian)		Morocco	A pyrgocystid edrioasteroid. Genus includes new species S. lefebvrei. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Stegophiura miyazakii[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ishida et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Mifune Group	Japan	A brittle star.
Superlininicrinus[36]	Gen. et sp. nov	In press	Botting	Late Ordovician		Morocco	A crinoid belonging to the group Cladida. Genus includes new species S. advorsa. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it is not published yet.
Synbathocrinus chenae[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mao et al.	Permian (Asselian)	Taiyuan Formation	China	A crinoid.
Tetracrinus solidus[57]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hess & Thuy	Jurassic		France	A cyrtocrinid crinoid.
Thuyaster[23]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gale	Early Jurassic (Hettangian)		Belgium	A starfish belonging to the family Korethrasteridae. Genus includes new species T. fontenoillensis
Trombonicrinus[60]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Donovan, Waters & Pankowski	Devonian		Morocco	A crinoid. Genus includes new species T. (col.) hanshessi
Ulocrinus qiaoi[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mao et al.	Permian (Asselian)	Taiyuan Formation	China	A crinoid.
Weitschataster[61]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Neumann & Girod	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)		Germany	A starfish belonging to the family Goniasteridae. Genus includes new species W. intermedius.
Westerwalddiscus[62]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Müller & Hahn	Early Devonian		Germany	A member of Edrioasteroidea belonging to the family Agelacrinitidae. Genus includes new species W. poschmanni.
Yunnanechinus[63]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Thompson et al.	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Guanling Formation	China	A stem-sea urchin. The type species is Y. luopingensis.

References

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Andy S. Gale (2018). "Origin and phylogeny of velatid asteroids (Echinodermata, Neoasteroidea)—new evidence from the Jurassic". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 279–318. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0155-z. S2CID 134504809.
Daniel B. Blake; William K. Halligan; Neal L. Larson (2018). "A new species of the asteroid genus Betelgeusia (Echinodermata) from methane seep settings, Late Cretaceous of South Dakota". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (2): 196–206. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.96. S2CID 134984198.
Andrew S. Gale; Eric Sadorf; John W.M. Jagt (2018). "Roveacrinida (Crinoidea, Articulata) from the upper Maastrichtian Peedee Formation (upper Cretaceous) of North Carolina, USA – The last pelagic microcrinoids". Cretaceous Research. 85: 176–192. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.01.008.
Ben Thuy; Neil H. Landman; Neal L. Larson; Lea D. Numberger-Thuy (2018). "Brittle-star mass occurrence on a Late Cretaceous methane seep from South Dakota, USA". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): Article number 9617. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.9617T. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27326-z. PMC 6018167. PMID 29941907.
Rich Mooi; Sergio A. Martínez; Claudia J. Del Río; Maria Inês Feijó Ramos (2018). "Late Oligocene–Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species". Zootaxa. 4369 (3): 301–326. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1. PMID 29689876.
Olga K. Bogolepova; Stephen K. Donovan; David A.T. Harper; Anna A. Suyarkova; Rustem Yakupov; Alexander P. Gubanov (2018). "New records of brachiopods and crinoids from the Silurian (Wenlock) of the southern Urals, Russia". GFF. 140 (4): 323–331. doi:10.1080/11035897.2018.1526210.
Morana Mihaljević; Alana J. Rosenblatt (2018). "A new fossil species of Clypeaster (Echinoidea) from Malaysian Borneo and an overview of the Central Indo-Pacific echinoid fossil record". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 389–404. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0164-y. S2CID 134114935.
Enric Forner Valls; Josep Anton Moreno Bedmar (2018). "Conulus sanzgarciai sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) de l'Aptià inferior de Coratxà (conca del Maestrat)". Nemus: Revista de l'Ateneu de Natura. 8: 69–83.
Daniel B. Blake; Joseph Koniecki (2018). "Two new Paleozoic Asteroidea (Echinodermata) and their taxonomic and evolutionary significance". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (1): 105–114. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.70.
Eva A. Bischof; Bernhard Hostettler; Ursula Menkveld-Gfeller (2018). "The cidaroids from the Middle Oxfordian St-Ursanne Formation of the Swiss Jura Mountains". Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève. 37 (1): 1–27.
Bernhard Hostettler; Gino Bernasconi; Werner Erzberger; Regina Hostettler; Cyril Kunz; Rita Tschäni; Hans Tschäni; Ursula Menkveld-Gfeller (2021). "Cidaroiden (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) der Günsberg-Formation des Nordwestschweizer Juras". Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève. 40 (1): 235–282. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5008794.
Sergey V. Rozhnov (2018). "Elgaecrinus uralicus gen. et sp. nov., a new crotalocrinitid (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of the Middle Urals". Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences. 67 (1): 12–18. doi:10.3176/earth.2017.23.
Didier Merle; Michel Roux (2018). "Stalked crinoids from Gan (Late Ypresian, southwestern France): exceptional stereom preservation, paleoecology and taxonomic affinities". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 225–244. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0162-0. S2CID 134512474.
Joseph P. Botting (2018). "Late Ordovician crinoids from the Anti-Atlas region of Morocco". In A. W. Hunter; J. J. Álvaro; B. Lefebvre; P. van Roy; S. Zamora (eds.). The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. pp. 541–563. doi:10.1144/SP485.4. S2CID 133809685. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Enric Forner Valls (2018). "Heteraster guali sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) de l'Aptià de la conca del Maestrat". Nemus: Revista de l'Ateneu de Natura. 8: 33–53.
Atef A. Elattaar (2018). "A new species of Hypselaster (Echinoidea, Spatangoida) from the Middle Eocene Midawara Formation of the Eastern Desert, Egypt". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 379–387. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0156-y. S2CID 134365924.
Johnny A. Waters; Christian Klug (2018). "Devonian (Emsian, Givetian) blastoids and crinoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 290 (1–3): 291–299. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2018/0771. S2CID 134379815.
Hans Hagdorn (2018). "Slipped through the bottleneck: Lazarechinus mirabeti gen. et sp. nov., a Paleozoic-like echinoid from the Triassic Muschelkalk (late Anisian) of East France". PalZ. 92 (2): 267–282. doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0393-1. S2CID 134797316.
Mike Reich; Tanja R. Stegemann; Imelda M. Hausmann; Vanessa J. Roden; Alexander Nützel (2018). "The youngest ophiocistioid: a first Palaeozoic‐type echinoderm group representative from the Mesozoic". Palaeontology. 61 (6): 803–811. doi:10.1111/pala.12392.
Peter Müller; Gerhard Hahn; Christian Franke; Ben Thuy (2018). "A new paedomorphic protasterid brittle star (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Early Devonian of Luxembourg and Germany". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 327–335. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0174-9. S2CID 96509338.
William I. Ausich; Elizabeth C. Rhenberg; David L. Meyer (2018). "Batocrinidae (Crinoidea) from the Lower Mississippian (lower Viséan) Fort Payne Formation of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama: systematics, geographic occurrences, and facies distribution". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (4): 681–712. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.135. S2CID 133998310.
Ben Thuy; Sabine Stöhr (2018). "Unravelling the origin of the basket stars and their allies (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Euryalida)". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): Article number 8493. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.8493T. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26877-5. PMC 5981468. PMID 29855566.
Nils Schlüter; Frank Wiese (2018). "The variable echinoid Micraster woodi sp. nov. – Trait variability patterns in a taxonomic nightmare". Cretaceous Research. 87: 194–205. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.05.019. S2CID 90918772.
Michael K. Eagle; Liz Hoskin; Bruce W. Hayward (2018). "The first macrofossil (Crinoidea: Cladida) from the Caples Terrane, Northland, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 61 (4): 498–507. doi:10.1080/00288306.2018.1506484. S2CID 135030181.
Jih-Pai Lin; William I. Ausich; Andrzej Baliński; Stig M. Bergström; Yuanlin Sun (2018). "The oldest iocrinid crinoids from the Early/Middle Ordovician of China: Possible paleogeographic implications". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 151: 324–333. Bibcode:2018JAESc.151..324L. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.10.041.
Julie Rousseau; Andrew Scott Gale; Ben Thuy (2018). "New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen". European Journal of Taxonomy (411): 1–26. doi:10.5852/ejt.2018.411.
Selina R. Cole; Ursula Toom (2018). "New camerate crinoid genera from the Upper Ordovician (Katian) of Estonia: evolutionary origin of family Opsiocrinidae and a phylogenetic assessment of Ordovician Monobathrida". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (7): 597–611. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1447519. S2CID 90469653.
Bertrand Lefebvre; Rudy Lerosey-Aubril (2018). "Laurentian origin of solutan echinoderms: new evidence from the Guzhangian (Cambrian Series 3) Weeks Formation of Utah, USA". Geological Magazine. 155 (5): 1190–1204. Bibcode:2018GeoM..155.1190L. doi:10.1017/S0016756817000152. S2CID 132681380.
Colin D. Sumrall; Samuel Zamora (2018). "New Upper Ordovician edrioasteroids from Morocco". In A. W. Hunter; J. J. Álvaro; B. Lefebvre; P. van Roy; S. Zamora (eds.). The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. pp. 565–577. doi:10.1144/SP485.6. S2CID 133899718. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Jessika Alves; Felipe A. C. Monteiro; Helena Matthews-Cascon; Rodrigo Johnsson; Elizabeth G. Neves (2018). "A new species of Petalobrissus Lambert 1916 (Echinoidea: Faujasiidae) from the Jandaíra Formation, Potiguar Basin (Brazil)". Zootaxa. 4422 (4): 581–590. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4422.4.8. PMID 30313486.
Enric Forner Valls (2018). "Phyllobrissus garciavivesi un equínid nou de l'Aptià d'Onda (conca del Maestrat)". Nemus: Revista de l'Ateneu de Natura. 8: 55–68.
Nathalia Fouquet; Ryan Roney; Hans G. Wilke (2018). "Echinoid fauna from the Coloso Basin, Lower Cretaceous, northern Chile". Ameghiniana. 55 (4): 380–406. doi:10.5710/AMGH.13.03.2018.3153. S2CID 130856684.
Christopher R.C. Paul (2018). "Prokopius, a new name for "Hippocystis sculptus" Prokop, 1965, and the status of the genus Hippocystis Bather, 1919 (Echinodermata; Diploporita)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 93 (3): 337–346. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1697.
Tomasz K. Baumiller; R. Ewan Fordyce (2018). "Rautangaroa, a new genus of feather star (Echinodermata, Crinoidea) from the Oligocene of New Zealand". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (5): 872–882. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.17. S2CID 135189993.
Hans Hess; Ben Thuy (2018). "Emergence and early radiation of cyrtocrinids, with new species from a Lower to Middle Jurassic rock reef of Feuguerolles (Normandy, France)". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 133–158. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0160-2. S2CID 135101798.
Paolo Stara; Sylvain Charbonnier; Enrico Borghi (2018). "Redefinition of Prospatangus thieryi Lambert, 1909 (Echinoidea, Spatangoida), in Sardospatangus nov. gen. with two new species from Sardinia, Italy". Annales de Paléontologie. 104 (4): 309–327. doi:10.1016/j.annpal.2018.10.001. S2CID 134486507.
Yoshiaki Ishida; Ben Thuy; Toshihiko Fujita; Masaru Kadokawa; Naoki Ikegami; Lea D. Numberger-Thuy (2018). "A new species of Stegophiura (Ophiuroidea, Ophiopyrgidae) from the mid-Cretaceous of southern Japan". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 319–325. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0168-7. S2CID 134801936.
Stephen K. Donovan; Johnny A. Waters; Mark S. Pankowski (2018). "Form and function of the strangest crinoid stem: Devonian of Morocco". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 205–210. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0149-x. S2CID 133925568.
Christian Neumann; Peter Girod (2018). "Weitschataster intermedius gen. et sp. nov., a goniasterid starfish (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous of Germany". PalZ. 92 (3): 425–433. doi:10.1007/s12542-018-0404-x. S2CID 134726257.
Peter Müller; Gerhard Hahn (2018). "Edrioasteroidea aus der Seifen-Formation (Siegenium, Unterdevon) des Westerwaldes, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge (Rheinland-Pfalz, Deutschland) - Teil 3: Westerwalddiscus poschmanni gen. et sp. nov". Mainzer Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen. 46: 23–40.
Jeffrey R. Thompson; Shi-xue Hu; Qi-Yue Zhang; Elizabeth Petsios; Laura J. Cotton; Jin-Yuan Huang; Chang-yong Zhou; Wen Wen; David J. Bottjer (2018). "A new stem group echinoid from the Triassic of China leads to a revised macroevolutionary history of echinoids during the end-Permian mass extinction". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (1): 171548. Bibcode:2018RSOS....571548T. doi:10.1098/rsos.171548. PMC 5792935. PMID 29410858.

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[1] Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.

[2] Ryan FitzGerald Morgan (2018). "Niche partitioning as a mechanism for locally high species diversity within a geographically limited genus of blastoid". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0197512. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1397512M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197512. PMC 5955570. PMID 29768486.

[3] Dezhi Wang; Jin Peng; Jorge Esteve; Yang Yuning; Rongqin Wen (2018). "New insight on thecal plate development in early Cambrian eocrinoids: an example from South China". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 32 (4): 441–451. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1499019. S2CID 91583402.

[4] Oldřich Fatka; Martina Nohejlová; Bertrand Lefebvre (2018). "Lapillocystites BARRANDE is the edrioasteroid Stromatocystites POMPECKJ (Cambrian, Echinodermata)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 289 (2): 139–148. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2018/0754. S2CID 134182301.

[5] Valerie J. P. Syverson; Carlton E. Brett; Forest J. Gahn; Tomasz K. Baumiller (2018). "Spinosity, regeneration, and targeting among Paleozoic crinoids and their predators". Paleobiology. 44 (2): 290–305. doi:10.1017/pab.2017.38.

[6] James R. Thomka; Donald B. Eddy (2018). "Repeated regeneration of crinoid spines in the Upper Pennsylvanian of eastern Ohio: evidence of elevated predation intensity and significance for predator-driven evolution of crinoid morphology". PALAIOS. 33 (11): 508–513. Bibcode:2018Palai..33..508T. doi:10.2110/palo.2018.058. S2CID 133788797.

[7] Catalina Pimiento; Kit Lam Tang; Samuel Zamora; Christian Klug; Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra (2018). "Assessing canalisation of intraspecific variation on a macroevolutionary scale: the case of crinoid arms through the Phanerozoic". PeerJ. 6: e4899. doi:10.7717/peerj.4899. PMC 5985148. PMID 29868289.

[8] Krzysztof R. Brom; Mariusz A. Salamon; Przemysław Gorzelak (2018). "Body-size increase in crinoids following the end-Devonian mass extinction". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): Article number 9606. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.9606B. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27986-x. PMC 6018515. PMID 29942036.

[9] William I. Ausich (2018). "Morphological paradox of disparid crinoids (Echinodermata): phylogenetic analysis of a Paleozoic clade". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 159–176. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0147-z. S2CID 90584672.

[10] Przemysław Gorzelak (2018). "Microstructural evidence for stalk autotomy in Holocrinus – The oldest stem-group isocrinid". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 506: 202–207. Bibcode:2018PPP...506..202G. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.036. S2CID 134087421.

[11] Samuel Zamora; Marcos Aurell; Margaret Veitch; James Saulsbury; Mikel A. López-Horgue; Fernando A. Ferratges; José Antonio Arz; Tomasz K. Baumiller (2018). "Environmental distribution of post-Palaeozoic crinoids from the Iberian and south-Pyrenean basins, NE Spain". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 63 (4): 779–794. doi:10.4202/app.00520.2018.

[12] Rowan J. Whittle; Aaron W. Hunter; David J. Cantrill; Kenneth J. McNamara (2018). "Globally discordant Isocrinida (Crinoidea) migration confirms asynchronous Marine Mesozoic Revolution". Communications Biology. 1: Article number 46. doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0048-0. PMC 6123680. PMID 30271929.

[13] Daniel B. Blake (2018). "Toward a history of the Paleozoic Asteroidea (Echinodermata)" (PDF). Bulletins of American Paleontology. 394: 1–96.

[14] Simon Boivin; Thomas Saucède; Rémi Laffont; Emilie Steimetz; Pascal Neige (2018). "Diversification rates indicate an early role of adaptive radiations at the origin of modern echinoid fauna". PLOS ONE. 13 (3): e0194575. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1394575B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194575. PMC 5864014. PMID 29566024.

[Lillithaster-15] Ben Thuy; Lea D. Numberger-Thuy; John W. M. Jagt (2018). "An unusual assemblage of ophiuroids (Echinodermata) from the late Maastrichtian of South Carolina, USA". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 337–356. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0166-9. S2CID 134445647.

[16] Paolo Stara; Federico Marini (2018). "Amphiope caronei n. sp. (Echinoidea Astriclypeidae) from the Tortonian of Cessaniti, Vibo Valentia Province, Calabria, Italy" (PDF). Biodiversity Journal. 9 (1): 73–88.

[17] William I. Ausich; David F. Wright; Selina R. Cole; Joseph M. Koniecki (2018). "Disparid and hybocrinid crinoids (Echinodermata) from the Upper Ordovician (lower Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte of Ontario". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (5): 850–871. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.154. S2CID 134169147.

[PPLeintwardine-18] David J. Gladwell (2018). "Asterozoans from the Ludlow Series (upper Silurian) of Leintwardine, Herefordshire, UK". Papers in Palaeontology. 4 (1): 101–160. doi:10.1002/spp2.1101. S2CID 135239943.

[CRDhalqutFm-19] John W.M. Jagt; Osman Salad Hersi; Hilal S. Al-Zeidi; Andrew B. Smith (2018). "Mid-Cretaceous echinoids from the Dhalqut Formation of Dhofar, southern Oman – Taxonomy and biostratigraphical implications". Cretaceous Research. 89: 75–91. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.03.012. S2CID 135103758.

[Priscillacrinus-20] Selina R. Cole; William I. Ausich; David F. Wright; Joseph M. Koniecki (2018). "An echinoderm Lagerstätte from the Upper Ordovician (Katian), Ontario: taxonomic re-evaluation and description of new dicyclic camerate crinoids". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (3): 488–505. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.151. S2CID 135388304.

[JPTaiyuanFm-21] Yingyan Mao; Gary D. Webster; William I. Ausich; Yue Li; Qiulai Wang; Mike Reich (2018). "A new crinoid fauna from the Taiyuan Formation (early Permian) of Henan, North China". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (6): 1066–1080. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.27. S2CID 134957155.

[Assericrinus-22] Andrew Scott Gale (2018). "An integrated microcrinoid zonation for the lower Campanian chalks of southern England, and its implications for correlation". Cretaceous Research. 87: 312–357. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.02.002. S2CID 132123752.

[Thuyaster-23] Andy S. Gale (2018). "Origin and phylogeny of velatid asteroids (Echinodermata, Neoasteroidea)—new evidence from the Jurassic". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 279–318. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0155-z. S2CID 134504809.

[24] Daniel B. Blake; William K. Halligan; Neal L. Larson (2018). "A new species of the asteroid genus Betelgeusia (Echinodermata) from methane seep settings, Late Cretaceous of South Dakota". Journal of Paleontology. 92 (2): 196–206. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.96. S2CID 134984198.

[Peedeecrinus-25] Andrew S. Gale; Eric Sadorf; John W.M. Jagt (2018). "Roveacrinida (Crinoidea, Articulata) from the upper Maastrichtian Peedee Formation (upper Cretaceous) of North Carolina, USA – The last pelagic microcrinoids". Cretaceous Research. 85: 176–192. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.01.008.

[26] Ben Thuy; Neil H. Landman; Neal L. Larson; Lea D. Numberger-Thuy (2018). "Brittle-star mass occurrence on a Late Cretaceous methane seep from South Dakota, USA". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): Article number 9617. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.9617T. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27326-z. PMC 6018167. PMID 29941907.

[Camachoaster-27] Rich Mooi; Sergio A. Martínez; Claudia J. Del Río; Maria Inês Feijó Ramos (2018). "Late Oligocene–Miocene non-lunulate sand dollars of South America: Revision of abertellid taxa and descriptions of two new families, two new genera, and a new species". Zootaxa. 4369 (3): 301–326. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.1. PMID 29689876.

[28] Olga K. Bogolepova; Stephen K. Donovan; David A.T. Harper; Anna A. Suyarkova; Rustem Yakupov; Alexander P. Gubanov (2018). "New records of brachiopods and crinoids from the Silurian (Wenlock) of the southern Urals, Russia". GFF. 140 (4): 323–331. doi:10.1080/11035897.2018.1526210.

[29] Morana Mihaljević; Alana J. Rosenblatt (2018). "A new fossil species of Clypeaster (Echinoidea) from Malaysian Borneo and an overview of the Central Indo-Pacific echinoid fossil record". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 389–404. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0164-y. S2CID 134114935.

[30] Enric Forner Valls; Josep Anton Moreno Bedmar (2018). "Conulus sanzgarciai sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) de l'Aptià inferior de Coratxà (conca del Maestrat)". Nemus: Revista de l'Ateneu de Natura. 8: 69–83.

[Sertulaster-31] Daniel B. Blake; Joseph Koniecki (2018). "Two new Paleozoic Asteroidea (Echinodermata) and their taxonomic and evolutionary significance". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (1): 105–114. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.70.

[32] Eva A. Bischof; Bernhard Hostettler; Ursula Menkveld-Gfeller (2018). "The cidaroids from the Middle Oxfordian St-Ursanne Formation of the Swiss Jura Mountains". Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève. 37 (1): 1–27.

[33] Bernhard Hostettler; Gino Bernasconi; Werner Erzberger; Regina Hostettler; Cyril Kunz; Rita Tschäni; Hans Tschäni; Ursula Menkveld-Gfeller (2021). "Cidaroiden (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) der Günsberg-Formation des Nordwestschweizer Juras". Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève. 40 (1): 235–282. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5008794.

[34] Sergey V. Rozhnov (2018). "Elgaecrinus uralicus gen. et sp. nov., a new crotalocrinitid (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) of the Middle Urals". Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences. 67 (1): 12–18. doi:10.3176/earth.2017.23.

[35] Didier Merle; Michel Roux (2018). "Stalked crinoids from Gan (Late Ypresian, southwestern France): exceptional stereom preservation, paleoecology and taxonomic affinities". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 225–244. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0162-0. S2CID 134512474.

[Isthloucrinus-36] Joseph P. Botting (2018). "Late Ordovician crinoids from the Anti-Atlas region of Morocco". In A. W. Hunter; J. J. Álvaro; B. Lefebvre; P. van Roy; S. Zamora (eds.). The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. pp. 541–563. doi:10.1144/SP485.4. S2CID 133809685. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

[37] Enric Forner Valls (2018). "Heteraster guali sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) de l'Aptià de la conca del Maestrat". Nemus: Revista de l'Ateneu de Natura. 8: 33–53.

[38] Atef A. Elattaar (2018). "A new species of Hypselaster (Echinoidea, Spatangoida) from the Middle Eocene Midawara Formation of the Eastern Desert, Egypt". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 379–387. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0156-y. S2CID 134365924.

[39] Johnny A. Waters; Christian Klug (2018). "Devonian (Emsian, Givetian) blastoids and crinoids from the Tafilalt, Morocco". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 290 (1–3): 291–299. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2018/0771. S2CID 134379815.

[40] Hans Hagdorn (2018). "Slipped through the bottleneck: Lazarechinus mirabeti gen. et sp. nov., a Paleozoic-like echinoid from the Triassic Muschelkalk (late Anisian) of East France". PalZ. 92 (2): 267–282. doi:10.1007/s12542-017-0393-1. S2CID 134797316.

[41] Mike Reich; Tanja R. Stegemann; Imelda M. Hausmann; Vanessa J. Roden; Alexander Nützel (2018). "The youngest ophiocistioid: a first Palaeozoic‐type echinoderm group representative from the Mesozoic". Palaeontology. 61 (6): 803–811. doi:10.1111/pala.12392.

[42] Peter Müller; Gerhard Hahn; Christian Franke; Ben Thuy (2018). "A new paedomorphic protasterid brittle star (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Early Devonian of Luxembourg and Germany". Swiss Journal of Palaeontology. 137 (2): 327–335. doi:10.1007/s13358-018-0174-9. S2CID 96509338.

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