305 mm/46 Model 1909
The 305 mm /46 Model 1909 was a naval gun that was the main armament of two classes of Italian dreadnought battleships and one unique dreadnought of the Regia Marina built at the beginning of World War I. Many of these guns were later modified to 320 mm Model 1934 and 320 mm Model 1936 naval guns by boring out their barrels, adding new liners and developing new ammunition. A number of unconverted guns including those from the scrapped Dante Alighieri and the salvaged Leonardo da Vinci were also used as coastal artillery during World War II.[1]
| 305 mm /46 Model 1909 | |
|---|---|
 A gun from the Leonardo da Vinci being recovered. | |
| Type | Naval gun Coastal artillery |
| Place of origin | United Kingdom |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1913–1937 |
| Used by | Italy |
| Wars | World War I |
| Production history | |
| Designer | Elswick Vickers |
| Designed | 1909 |
| Manufacturer | Armstrong Whitworth Vickers |
| Produced | 1913 |
| Variants | Elswick Pattern "T" Vickers Mk "G" |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | Elswick Pattern "T": 69.3 tonnes (68.2 LT) Vickers Mk "G" 63.5 tonnes (62.5 LT) |
| Length | 14.5 meters (48 ft) |
| Barrel length | 14.02 meters (46.0 ft) 46 caliber |
| Shell | Separate loading ammunition |
| Shell weight | AP: 417.7 kilograms (921 lb) HE: 401.2 kilograms (884 lb) |
| Caliber | 302 millimeters (11.9 in) |
| Breech | Welin breech block |
| Elevation | -5° to +20° |
| Traverse | Dependent on ship and position |
| Rate of fire | 2 rpm |
| Muzzle velocity | 840 meters per second (2,800 ft/s) |
| Maximum firing range | 24 kilometers (15 mi) at +20° |
History
There were actually two guns from different manufacturers that were classified as the 305 mm /46 Model 1909. One gun was the Elswick Pattern "T" manufactured by Armstrong Whitworth, while the second was the Vickers Mk "G".[2] Often no distinction is made between the two guns and the model of gun fitted was not consistent by class of ship. Or in other words the two models of gun were carried by different ships within the same class. There were subtle differences in the construction methods used for each gun and their weights were different. However the guns dimensions were similar and their performance were considered to be equivalent and both used the same ammunition and powder charges. However the guns weren't interchangeable. In 1910 the life per barrel was given as 60 full or 200 reduced charges.[3]
Construction
Elswick Pattern “T”: Had an inner A tube, A tube in two parts joined by screwed collar, B tube and half-length wire, jacket and short breech ring. A pneumatically operated Welin breech block was used and they were in hydraulic powered mounts.[4] The Armstrong gun was similar to the Vickers gun, but weighed 69.3 metric tons (68.2 long tons).[5]
- Pattern “T” guns were fitted to the following ships:
Vickers Mk "G": Was a fully wire-wound type with inner A, A, B tubes, jacket and breech ring. A pneumatically operated Welin breech block was used and they were in hydraulic powered mounts.[6] The Vickers gun was similar to the Armstrong gun, but weighed 63.5 metric tons (62.5 metric tons).[7]
- Mk “G” guns were fitted to the following ships:
Footnotes
- M., Campbell, N. J. (2002-01-01). Naval weapons of World War Two. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870214594. OCLC 51995246.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Friedman, Norman (2011-01-01). Naval weapons of World War One. Seaforth. ISBN 9781848321007. OCLC 786178793.
- Friedman, Norman (2008-01-01). Naval firepower : battleship guns and gunnery in the dreadnaught era. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 9781591145554. OCLC 154763144.
- DiGiulian, Tony. "Italy 12"/46 (30.5 cm) Model 1909 – NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
- Friedman, Norman (2011-01-01). Naval weapons of World War One. Seaforth. ISBN 9781848321007. OCLC 786178793.
- DiGiulian, Tony. "Italy 12"/46 (30.5 cm) Model 1909 – NavWeaps". www.navweaps.com. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
- Friedman, Norman (2011-01-01). Naval weapons of World War One. Seaforth. ISBN 9781848321007. OCLC 786178793.
References
- Campbell, John (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-459-4.
- Fraccaroli, Aldo (1974). Italian Warships of World War II. London: Ian Allan Publishing. OCLC 834485650.
- Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
- Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.