34th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)

A Churchill tank of the 7th Royal Tank Regiment supporting infantry of the 8th Battalion, Royal Scots during Operation Epsom, 28 June 1944.

The first two and half years of the brigade's existence were spent in training in the south of England and it saw its first active service in the Normandy bridgehead.[2] Advance parties departed to Normandy on D + 10 (16 June) but the brigade was not gathered in France until early July 1944. Its first combat was in support of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division in Operation Greenline from 15 to 18 July, to enlarge the Odon bridgehead and advance beyond Hill 112; the German opposition held a strong position and 153rd Regiment Royal Armoured Corps suffered particularly severe casualties, including its commanding officer. The brigade lost 30 officers and 156 other ranks in this action. The brigade continued operations in Normandy until late August.[2]

After 14 days of rest and reorganisation and now under the First Canadian Army, the brigade crossed the River Seine on 4 September to prepare to Operation Astonia the assault Le Havre. On arrival outside Le Havre on 6 September, the brigade came under command of 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division, who were to assault Le Havre from the north east and east. The defenders' morale was low despite impressive defence works and victory was completed on 12 September with minimal casualties. A troop of 7th Royal Tank Regiment, without infantry, had entered the fort at 11:30 a.m. and had captured Oberst Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth, the garrison commander, his staff and 400 prisoners.[2]

The Allied armies' supply lines were under great stress due to the lack of usable ports and the brigade transport was added to the supply chain to the front line in Belgium and the brigade was immobilised. By 18 September, the brigade was concentrated about midway between Dieppe and Rouen. On 29 September, still lacking its transport, the 300 Churchills (including a delivery squadron), loaded with munitions, drove northwards for three days to Desvres, near Boulogne. On 2 October, the 7th Royal Tank Regiment was detached to assist the containment of Dunkirk by 51st (Highland) Infantry Division, where it took part in the siege.[2] By 6 October, the brigade had reached the Eindhoven area and all regiments were immediately deployed into the front line.[2]

Churchill tanks of 7 Troop, 'B' Squadron, 107 RAC, 34th Tank Brigade, 17 July 1944.

The strategic requirement now was to clear the Scheldt Estuary and get the port of Antwerp into use as an Allied supply base.[4] The 49th (West Riding) Division was to attack towards Loenhout and then unleash a mobile force to exploit the breakthrough and move up the main road to Wuustwezel in Operation Rebound. This mobile force was commanded by Brigadier W. S. Clarke of 34th Tank Brigade and named 'Clarkeforce'.[5] Controlled by 3the 4th Tank Bde HQ, Clarkeforce consisted of Churchill tanks of 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, with C Squadron carrying infantry of D Company, 1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment, accompanied by a troop of Achilles self-propelled 17-pounders from 248 Bty, 62nd (6th London) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, a troop of Churchill Crocodile flame-throwing tanks of the 1st Fife and Forfar Yeomanry and two sections of Royal Engineers. The field artillery support was provided by the 25-pounder field guns of 191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery.[6][7][8]

Operation Rebound (part of the larger Operation Pheasant) began on 20 October with a barrage fired by the field regiments of 49th (WR) Division reinforced by two medium regiments, then 56th Infantry Brigade and 9th Royal Tank Regiment seized Stapelheide as a start line for Clarkeforce, which was launched through the gap at 4:00 p.m. The column bypassed some strongpoints to be mopped up by supporting troops, but progress was slow, the route was restricted to one tank's width and the M3 Stuart ('Honey') light tanks of 107th RAC Reconnaissance Troop were held up by the bad tank going. At 5.00 p.m. B Squadron 107th RAC reached a road junction and detached half the squadron to cover this, while the rest of the squadron pushed on to 'Stone Bridge'. The fight for this point, supported by fire from 191st (H&EY) Field Regiment, took most of the remaining daylight but the bridge was seized before it could be completely demolished and B Squadron crossed, followed by the Recce Troop. B Squadron formed a bridgehead facing north and north-west and A Squadron passed through to complete the bridgehead to the south and south-west. By now it was dark but C Squadron and the infantry pushed on to clear Wuustwezel, taking some prisoners. By 10.00 p.m., the 147th Infantry Brigade of 49th (WR) Division had moved up to relieve Clarkeforce, and the tanks were ordered to push on. "The night was pitch dark, it was raining, and there was no moon". Progress was slow and the Recce Troop scouting ahead were held up by a roadblock of trees, which were cleared by the leading Churchills.[6][7][8]

After a short rest, 107th RAC and the company of Leicesters moved on at 8:00 a.m. the following morning towards Nieuwmoer. By now the Recce Troop had run out of fuel and the advance was led by A Squadron of 49th (West Riding) Reconnaissance Regiment RAC. When they came across a bridge that had been blown, the reconnaissance troops and tanks fanned out to the flanks in search of alternative crossings and with no cover they were engaged over the flat country by German Self-propelled guns concealed in Nieuwmoer and the advance had to be covered by smoke. Once clearance of the village was well in hand, the Recce Troop came up and pushed on carelessly into a wood occupied by German troops and SP guns. Four Honeys were knocked out, bringing 107th RAC's casualties to eight tanks in the day. The troops round Stone Bridge, including 1st Leicesters and 191st (H&EY) Field Regiment, had to beat off counter-attacks by German armour. The 532nd Field Battery, which had already crossed over, was called upon to deploy and use their 25-pounders for A/T action, while the other batteries backtracked and found an alternative route forwards. At last light, 191st (H&EY) Field Regimentt called in fire from every divisional and Army Group Royal Artillery gun within range (about 200) to devastate the woodland that was holding up Clarkeforce.[6][7][8]

On 22 October, the advance continued towards Esschen, 107th RAC engaging enemy infantry and SP guns and crossing a canal by means of a 34th Tank Brigade bridge-laying tank. The 191st (H&EY) Field Regiment moved up to Nieuwmoer, despite pockets of resistance along the route, which ambushed some of the A Echelon vehicles of the 107th Regiment RAC and a field artillery reconnaissance party. The 49th Recce Rgt began clearing the enemy pockets before nightfall. For the next day's advance the Leicesters were relieved by two companies from 7th Bn Duke of Wellington's Regiment, attacked and captured Schanker with the support of C Squadron's Churchills on the morning of 24 October. The infantry A/T guns then took over the defence.[6][7][8]

Clarkeforce rested on 25 October to plan the next phase of its advance towards Roosendaal (Operation Thruster). The 56th Infantry Brigade prepared the way by advancing from Esschen to Nispen during the night of 25/26 October. After supporting this advance, 191st (H&EY) Field Regiment Forward Observation Officers (FOOs) rejoined Clarkeforce for its push towards Brembosch, beginning at 10:00 a.m. the following morning. The advance encountered strong enemy rearguards, losing four tanks and an SP gun from the 245th Battery, 62nd A/T Regiment, but Clarkeforce reached the town by the end of the day. The following morning the Leicesters crossed a massive anti-tank ditch using ladders, then a bulldozer tried to make it passable. In the end, the top of the concrete obstacle was shot away using high explosive and armour-piercing shells from the Churchills and Achilles. It took the rest of the day and concentrated artillery firepower to push the enemy off two hilltop strongpoints.[6][7][8]

The following day, 107th RAC supported the Leicesters in an attack along the Brembosch–Wouwe Hil road, and reached Oostlaar by nightfall. At first light on 28 October, while replenishing their tanks, C Squadron came under fire, lost some vehicles and had to withdraw under smoke and covering fire but at 8:15 a.m. the regiment was ready to support an attack by the 11th Battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers and cut the Wouwe–Bergen-op-Zoom road, despite German SP guns. The advances were masked by smoke and covered by the remaining Achilles. Clarkeforce spent the night in Wouwe.[6][7][8]

The 49th (WR) Division found the approaches to Roosendaal strongly held and the commanding officer of 1/4th Battalion King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry requested a set-piece artillery- and armour-supported assault. The artillery support involved three field, two medium and two heavy anti-aircraft regiments as well as 191st (H&EY) Field Regiment, while the 107th RAC was positioned to support an attack by the infantry and 9th RTR. A patrol infiltrated the town under cover of mist and found that the Germans had pulled out.[8][9]

The final objective of the 49th (WR) Division was Willemstad on the Hollands Diep (part of the Maas Estuary). This was 10 mi (16 km) away across poor country for armour; Clarkeforce was disbanded and the division carried out a conventional infantry advance (Operation Humid), supported by the 34th Tank Brigade in its more familiar infantry tank role. Willemstad was liberated on 6 November after the German garrison withdrew across the Maas.[8][10][11]

Churchill tanks of the 34th Tank Brigade in the Reichswald during Operation 'Veritable', 8 February 1945.

In February, 1945, the 34th Armoured Brigade provided armoured support to infantry units, mainly the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division, during the Battle of the Reichswald, in ground conditions that caused more damage to its tanks than the enemy.

After the Rhine crossings, the brigade saw no further active service in Europe and was in preparation for transfer to South-East Asian theatre when the war ended.