3642 Frieden

3642 Frieden, provisional designation 1953 XL1, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Herta Gessner at Sonneberg Observatory on 4 December 1953.[10] It is named after the goddess of peace, Pax.[2]

3642 Frieden
Discovery [1]
Discovered byH. Gessner
Discovery siteSonneberg Obs.
Discovery date4 December 1953
Designations
(3642) Frieden
Named after
Pax (goddess)[2]
1953 XL1 · 1936 FU
1945 BD · 1950 FK
1959 CB1 · 1959 EB1
1978 GB3 · 1982 BK8
A908 ED
main-belt · (middle)
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc81.03 yr (29,595 days)
Aphelion3.0142 AU
Perihelion2.5600 AU
2.7871 AU
Eccentricity0.0815
4.65 yr (1,700 days)
202.73°
0° 12m 42.48s / day
Inclination13.472°
131.30°
14.702°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions31.899±0.126 km[3]
34.168±0.310 km[4]
35.11±1.1 km[5]
35.12 km (derived)[6]
36.04±0.55 km[7]
14.491±0.003 h[8]
0.046±0.002[7]
0.0474 (derived)[6]
0.0475±0.003[5]
0.0602±0.0202[4]
0.071±0.007[3]
SMASS = C [1] · C [6]
10.73±0.50[9] · 11.0[4] · 11.2[1][5][6][7]

    Orbit and classification

    Frieden orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,700 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 13° with respect to the ecliptic.[1] The body was first identified as "1908 ED" at the U.S Taunton Observatory (803) in 1908, while its first used observation was made at the Belgian Uccle Observatory 1936, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 17 years prior to its official discovery.[10]

    Physical characteristics

    In the SMASS classification, Frieden is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.[1]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Frieden measures between 31.9 and 36.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.046 and 0.071.[3][4][5][7] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.047 and a diameter of 35.1 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 11.2.[6] Between 2019 and 2021, 3642 Frieden has been observed to occult four stars.

    Rotation period

    In April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Frieden was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716), Colorado. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 14.491±0.003 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13±0.02 magnitude (U=3).[8]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named after the German translation of the goddess Pax in the hope for peace (German: Frieden) around the world.[2] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 February 1988 (M.P.C. 12808).[11]

    References
    1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 3642 Frieden (1953 XL1)" (2017-03-29 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
    2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(3642) Frieden". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (3642) Frieden. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 306. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_3640. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    3. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
    4. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90.
    5. Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
    6. "LCDB Data for (3642) Frieden". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 29 October 2016.
    7. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    8. Warner, Brian D. (December 2006). "Asteroid lightcurve analysis at the Palmer Divide Observatory - March - June 2006". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 33 (4): 85–88. Bibcode:2006MPBu...33...85W. ISSN 1052-8091. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
    9. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
    10. "3642 Frieden (1953 XL1)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
    11. "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 29 October 2016.

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