4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics

The 4 × 400 metres relay at the Summer Olympics is the longest track relay event held at the multi-sport event. The men's relay has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1912 and the women's event has been continuously held since the 1972 Olympics. The inaugural and so far the only mixed 4 × 400 metres relay was held at the 2020 Olympics. It is the most prestigious 4×400 m relay race at elite level. At the 1908 Summer Olympics, a precursor to this event was held – the 1600 m medley relay. This event, with two legs of 200 m, one of 400 m, and a final leg of 800 m, was the first track relay in Olympic history.[1]

4 × 400 metres relay
at the Olympic Games
The 2008 Olympic men's 4 × 400 m relay final
Overview
SportAthletics
GenderMen, Women and Mixed
Years heldMen: 19122020
Women: 19722020
Mixed: 2020
Olympic record
Men2:55.39  United States (USA) (2008)
Women3:15.17  Soviet Union (URS) (1988)
Mixed3:09.87  Poland (POL) (2020)
Reigning champion
Men United States (USA)
Women United States (USA)
Mixed Poland (POL)

The competition has two parts: a first round and an eight-team final. Historically, there was a semi-final round, but this has been eliminated as selection is now determined by time, with the sixteen fastest nations during a pre-Olympic qualification period are entered.

Since 1984, teams may enter up to six athletes for the event. Larger nations typically have two reserves runners in the first round in order to preserve the fitness of their top runners for the final. Heat runners of medal-winning teams receive medals even if they did not run in the final.

The Olympic records for the event are 2:55.39 for men, set by the United States in 2008; 3:15.17 for women, set by the Soviet Union in 1988 and 3:09.87 in mixed relay, set by Poland in 2020. The women's record is also the world record for the 4 × 400 metres relay. The first two women's Olympic finals (1972 and 1976) resulted in new world records for the winning East German teams. The men's world record has been profoundly shaped by Olympic competition with ten records set (1912, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1952, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1988, and 1992): the record has only been broken twice in a 4 × 400 m relay race outside of the multi-sport event.[2]

The United States is by far the most successful nation in the event. The country has won the men's race 17 times and the women's race seven times. As of 2016, no other country has won more than three golds in the event. Great Britain (two wins, thirteen medals), Jamaica (one win, eight medals) and the Soviet Union (three wins, four medals) are the next most successful nations.[3][4]

Participants in this event are often competitors in the 400 metres and 400 metres hurdles individual Olympic events (and, less commonly, the 800 metres and 200 metres).

Allyson Felix is the most successful athlete in the event, having four straight wins from 2008 to 2020. Steve Lewis and Jeremy Wariner are the only men to win the title twice, and Chris Brown is the only man to reach the podium three times.

Medal summary

Men

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1912 Stockholm
 United States (USA)
Mel Sheppard
Edward Lindberg
Ted Meredith
Charles Reidpath
 France (FRA)
Charles Lelong
Robert Schurrer
Pierre Failliot
Charles Poulenard
 Great Britain (GBR)
George Nicol
Ernest Henley
James Soutter
Cyril Seedhouse
1920 Antwerp
 Great Britain (GBR)
Cecil Griffiths
Robert Lindsay
John Ainsworth-Davis
Guy Butler
 South Africa (RSA)
Henry Dafel
Clarence Oldfield
Jack Oosterlaak
Bevil Rudd
 France (FRA)
Géo André
Gaston Féry
Maurice Delvart
André Devaux
1924 Paris
 United States (USA)
Commodore Cochran
Alan Helffrich
Oliver Macdonald
William Stevenson
 Sweden (SWE)
Artur Svensson
Erik Byléhn
Gustaf Wejnarth
Nils Engdahl
 Great Britain (GBR)
Edward Toms
George Renwick
Richard Ripley
Guy Butler
1928 Amsterdam
 United States (USA)
George Baird
Emerson Spencer
Fred Alderman
Ray Barbuti
 Germany (GER)
Otto Neumann
Harry Werner Storz
Richard Krebs
Hermann Engelhard
 Canada (CAN)
Alex Wilson
Phil Edwards
Stanley Glover
James Ball
1932 Los Angeles
 United States (USA)
Ivan Fuqua
Ed Ablowich
Karl Warner
Bill Carr
 Great Britain (GBR)
Crew Stoneley
Tommy Hampson
David Burghley
Godfrey Rampling
 Canada (CAN)
Ray Lewis
James Ball
Phil Edwards
Alex Wilson
1936 Berlin
 Great Britain (GBR)
Freddie Wolff
Godfrey Rampling
Bill Roberts
Godfrey Brown
 United States (USA)
Harold Cagle
Robert Young
Edward O’Brien
Al Fitch
 Germany (GER)
Helmut Hamann
Friedrich von Stülpnagel
Harry Voigt
Rudolf Harbig
1948 London
 United States (USA)
Arthur Harnden
Cliff Bourland
Roy Cochran
Mal Whitfield
 France (FRA)
Jean Kerebel
Francis Schewetta
Robert Chef d'Hôtel
Jacques Lunis
 Sweden (SWE)
Kurt Lundquist
Lars-Erik Wolfbrandt
Folke Alnevik
Rune Larsson
1952 Helsinki
 Jamaica (JAM)
Arthur Wint
Leslie Laing
Herb McKenley
George Rhoden
 United States (USA)
Ollie Matson
Gene Cole
Charles Moore
Mal Whitfield
 Germany (GER)
Hans Geister
Günther Steines
Heinz Ulzheimer
Karl-Friedrich Haas
1956 Melbourne
 United States (USA)
Charles Jenkins Sr.
Lou Jones
Jesse Mashburn
Tom Courtney
 Australia (AUS)
Graham Gipson
Leon Gregory
David Lean
Kevan Gosper
 Great Britain (GBR)
Peter Higgins
Michael Wheeler
John Salisbury
Derek Johnson
1960 Rome
 United States (USA)
Jack Yerman
Earl Young
Glenn Davis
Otis Davis
 United Team of Germany (EUA)
Hans-Joachim Reske
Manfred Kinder
Johannes Kaiser
Carl Kaufmann
 British West Indies (BWI)
Malcolm Spence
Jim Wedderburn
Keith Gardner
George Kerr
1964 Tokyo
 United States (USA)
Ollan Cassell
Mike Larrabee
Ulis Williams
Henry Carr
 Great Britain (GBR)
Tim Graham
Adrian Metcalfe
John Cooper
Robbie Brightwell
 Trinidad and Tobago (TRI)
Edwin Skinner
Kent Bernard
Edwin Roberts
Wendell Mottley
1968 Mexico City
 United States (USA)
Vincent Matthews
Ron Freeman
Larry James
Lee Evans
 Kenya (KEN)
Daniel Rudisha
Munyoro Nyamau
Naftali Bon
Charles Asati
 West Germany (FRG)
Helmar Müller
Manfred Kinder
Gerhard Hennige
Martin Jellinghaus
1972 Munich
 Kenya (KEN)
Charles Asati
Munyoro Nyamau
Robert Ouko
Julius Sang
 Great Britain (GBR)
Martin Reynolds
Alan Pascoe
David Hemery
David Jenkins
 France (FRA)
Gilles Bertould
Daniel Velasques
Francis Kerbiriou
Jacques Carette
1976 Montreal
 United States (USA)
Herman Frazier
Benny Brown
Fred Newhouse
Maxie Parks
 Poland (POL)
Ryszard Podlas
Jan Werner
Zbigniew Jaremski
Jerzy Pietrzyk
 West Germany (FRG)
Franz-Peter Hofmeister
Lothar Krieg
Harald Schmid
Bernd Herrmann
1980 Moscow
 Soviet Union (URS)
Remigijus Valiulis
Mikhail Linge
Nikolay Chernetskiy
Viktor Markin
 East Germany (GDR)
Klaus Thiele
Andreas Knebel
Frank Schaffer
Volker Beck
 Italy (ITA)
Stefano Malinverni
Mauro Zuliani
Roberto Tozzi
Pietro Mennea
1984 Los Angeles
 United States (USA)
Sunder Nix
Ray Armstead
Alonzo Babers
Antonio McKay
 Great Britain (GBR)
Kriss Akabusi
Garry Cook
Todd Bennett
Phil Brown
 Nigeria (NGR)
Sunday Uti
Moses Ugbisien
Rotimi Peters
Innocent Egbunike
1988 Seoul
 United States (USA)
Danny Everett
Steve Lewis
Kevin Robinzine
Butch Reynolds
 Jamaica (JAM)
Howard Davis
Devon Morris
Winthrop Graham
Bert Cameron
 West Germany (FRG)
Norbert Dobeleit
Edgar Itt
Jörg Vaihinger
Ralf Lübke
1992 Barcelona
 United States (USA)
Andrew Valmon
Quincy Watts
Michael Johnson
Steve Lewis
Darnell Hall
Charles Jenkins Jr.
 Cuba (CUB)
Lázaro Martínez
Héctor Herrera
Norberto Téllez
Roberto Hernández
 Great Britain (GBR)
Roger Black
David Grindley
Kriss Akabusi
John Regis
Du'aine Ladejo
Mark Richardson
1996 Atlanta
 United States (USA)
LaMont Smith
Alvin Harrison
Derek Mills
Anthuan Maybank
Jason Rouser
 Great Britain (GBR)
Iwan Thomas
Jamie Baulch
Mark Richardson
Roger Black
Du'aine Ladejo
Mark Hylton
 Jamaica (JAM)
Michael McDonald
Roxbert Martin
Greg Haughton
Davian Clarke
Dennis Blake
Garth Robinson
2000 Sydney

 Nigeria (NGR)
Clement Chukwu
Jude Monye
Sunday Bada
Enefiok Udo-Obong
Nduka Awazie
Fidelis Gadzama
 Jamaica (JAM)
Michael Blackwood
Greg Haughton
Christopher Williams
Danny McFarlane
Sanjay Ayre
Michael McDonald
 Bahamas (BAH)
Avard Moncur
Troy McIntosh
Carl Oliver
Chris Brown
2004 Athens
 United States (USA)
Otis Harris
Derrick Brew
Jeremy Wariner
Darold Williamson
Kelly Willie
Andrew Rock
 Australia (AUS)
John Steffensen
Mark Ormrod
Patrick Dwyer
Clinton Hill
 Nigeria (NGR)
James Godday
Musa Audu
Saul Weigopwa
Enefiok Udo-Obong
2008 Beijing

 United States (USA)
LaShawn Merritt
Angelo Taylor
David Neville
Jeremy Wariner
Kerron Clement
Reggie Witherspoon
 Bahamas (BAH)
Andretti Bain
Michael Mathieu
Andrae Williams
Chris Brown
Avard Moncur
Ramon Miller
 Great Britain (GBR)
Martyn Rooney
Andrew Steele
Robert Tobin
Michael Bingham
2012 London
 Bahamas (BAH)
Chris Brown
Michael Mathieu
Ramon Miller
Demetrius Pinder
 United States (USA)
Joshua Mance
Manteo Mitchell
Tony McQuay
Bryshon Nellum
Angelo Taylor
 Trinidad and Tobago (TRI)
Ade Alleyne-Forte
Lalonde Gordon
Deon Lendore
Jarrin Solomon
2016 Rio de Janeiro
 United States (USA)
Arman Hall
Tony McQuay
Gil Roberts
LaShawn Merritt
Kyle Clemons*
David Verburg*
 Jamaica (JAM)
Peter Matthews
Nathon Allen
Fitzroy Dunkley
Javon Francis
Rusheen McDonald*
 Bahamas (BAH)
Alonzo Russell
Michael Mathieu
Steven Gardiner
Chris Brown
Stephen Newbold*
2020 Tokyo
 United States (USA)
Michael Cherry
Michael Norman
Bryce Deadmon
Rai Benjamin
Trevor Stewart*
Randolph Ross*
Vernon Norwood*
 Netherlands (NED)
Liemarvin Bonevacia
Terrence Agard
Tony van Diepen
Ramsey Angela
Jochem Dobber*
 Botswana (BOT)
Isaac Makwala
Baboloki Thebe
Zibane Ngozi
Bayapo Ndori
2024 Paris

Note: * Indicates athletes who ran in preliminary rounds and also received medals.

Multiple medalists

Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total
1=Steve Lewis United States (USA)1988–19922002
1=Jeremy Wariner United States (USA)2004–20082002
1=LaShawn Merritt United States (USA)2008, 20162002
4=Godfrey Rampling Great Britain (GBR)1932–19361102
4=Mal Whitfield United States (USA)1948–19521102
4=Charles Asati Kenya (KEN)1968–19721102
4=Munyoro Nyamau Kenya (KEN)1968–19721102
4=Michael Mathieu Bahamas (BAH)2008–20121102
4=Ramon Miller Bahamas (BAH)2008–20121102
4=Andrae Williams Bahamas (BAH)2008–20121102
4=Angelo Taylor United States (USA)2008–20121102
11=Guy Butler Great Britain (GBR)1920–19241012
11=Enefiok Udo-Obong Nigeria (NGR)2000–20041012
13=Mark Richardson Great Britain (GBR)1992–19960112
13=Roger Black Great Britain (GBR)1992–19960112
13=Du'aine Ladejo Great Britain (GBR)1992–19960112
13=Avard Moncur Bahamas (BAH)2000–20080112

Medals by country

Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 United States (USA)183021
2 Great Britain (GBR)25512
3 Jamaica (JAM)1315
4 Bahamas (BAH)1124
5 Kenya (KEN)1102
6 Nigeria (NGR)1023
7 Soviet Union (URS)1001
8= France (FRA)0224
8= Germany (GER)[nb]0224
10 Australia (AUS)0202
11 Sweden (SWE)0112
12= Cuba (CUB)0101
12= East Germany (GDR)0101
12=  Netherlands (NED) 0 1 0 1
12= Poland (POL)0101
12= South Africa (RSA)0101
17 West Germany (FRG)0033
18= Canada (CAN)0022
18= Trinidad and Tobago (TTO)0022
20=  Botswana (BOT) 0 0 1 1
20= British West Indies (BWI)0011
20= Italy (ITA)0011
  • nb The German total includes teams both competing as Germany and the United Team of Germany, but not East or West Germany.

Women

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1972 Munich
 East Germany (GDR)
Dagmar Käsling
Rita Kühne
Helga Seidler
Monika Zehrt
 United States (USA)
Mable Fergerson
Madeline Manning
Cheryl Toussaint
Kathy Hammond
 West Germany (FRG)
Anette Rückes
Inge Bödding
Hildegard Falck
Rita Wilden
1976 Montreal
 East Germany (GDR)
Doris Maletzki
Brigitte Rohde
Ellen Streidt
Christina Brehmer
 United States (USA)
Debra Sapenter
Sheila Ingram
Pamela Jiles
Rosalyn Bryant
 Soviet Union (URS)
Inta Kļimoviča
Lyudmila Aksyonova
Natalya Sokolova
Nadezhda Ilyina
1980 Moscow
 Soviet Union (URS)
Tatyana Prorochenko
Tatyana Goyshchik
Nina Zyuskova
Irina Nazarova
 East Germany (GDR)
Gabriele Löwe
Barbara Krug
Christina Lathan
Marita Koch
 Great Britain (GBR)
Linsey MacDonald
Michelle Probert
Joslyn Hoyte-Smith
Donna Hartley
1984 Los Angeles
 United States (USA)
Lillie Leatherwood
Sherri Howard
Valerie Brisco-Hooks
Chandra Cheeseborough
Diane Dixon*
Denean Howard*
 Canada (CAN)
Charmaine Crooks
Jillian Richardson
Molly Killingbeck
Marita Payne
Dana Wright*
 West Germany (FRG)
Heike Schulte-Mattler
Ute Thimm
Heidi-Elke Gaugel
Gaby Bußmann
1988 Seoul
 Soviet Union (URS)
Tatyana Ledovskaya
Olga Nazarova
Mariya Pinigina
Olha Bryzhina
Lyudmyla Dzhyhalova*
 United States (USA)
Denean Howard
Diane Dixon
Valerie Brisco-Hooks
Florence Griffith-Joyner
Sherri Howard*
Lillie Leatherwood*
 East Germany (GDR)
Dagmar Neubauer-Rübsam
Kirsten Emmelmann
Sabine Busch
Petra Müller
Grit Breuer*
1992 Barcelona
 Unified Team (EUN)
Yelena Ruzina
Lyudmyla Dzhyhalova
Olga Nazarova
Olha Bryzhina
Marina Shmonina*
Liliya Nurutdinova*
 United States (USA)
Natasha Kaiser-Brown
Gwen Torrence
Jearl Miles
Rochelle Stevens
Denean Howard-Hill*
Dannette Young*
 Great Britain (GBR)
Phylis Smith
Sandra Douglas
Jennifer Stoute
Sally Gunnell
1996 Atlanta
 United States (USA)
Rochelle Stevens
Maicel Malone
Kim Graham
Jearl Miles
Linetta Wilson*
 Nigeria (NGR)
Olabisi Afolabi
Fatima Yusuf
Charity Opara
Falilat Ogunkoya
 Germany (GER)
Uta Rohländer
Linda Kisabaka
Anja Rücker
Grit Breuer
2000 Sydney
 United States (USA)
Jearl Miles Clark
Monique Hennagan
LaTasha Colander
Marion Jones[nb1]
Andrea Anderson*
 Jamaica (JAM)
Sandie Richards
Catherine Scott
Deon Hemmings
Lorraine Graham
Charmaine Howell*
Michelle Burgher*
 Russia (RUS)
Yuliya Sotnikova
Svetlana Goncharenko
Olga Kotlyarova
Irina Privalova
Natalya Nazarova*
Olesya Zykina*
2004 Athens
 United States (USA)
DeeDee Trotter
Monique Henderson
Sanya Richards
Monique Hennagan
Crystal Cox[nb2]*
Moushaumi Robinson*
 Russia (RUS)
Olesya Krasnomovets
Natalya Nazarova
Olesya Zykina
Natalya Antyukh
Tatyana Firova*
Natalya Ivanova*
 Jamaica (JAM)
Novlene Williams
Michelle Burgher
Nadia Davy
Sandie Richards
Ronetta Smith*
2008 Beijing
[a]
 United States (USA)
Mary Wineberg
Allyson Felix
Monique Henderson
Sanya Richards
Natasha Hastings*
 Jamaica (JAM)
Shericka Williams
Shereefa Lloyd
Rosemarie Whyte
Novlene Williams
Bobby-Gaye Wilkins*
 Great Britain (GBR)
Christine Ohuruogu
Kelly Sotherton
Marilyn Okoro
Nicola Sanders
2012 London
[b]
 United States (USA)
DeeDee Trotter
Allyson Felix
Francena McCorory
Sanya Richards-Ross
Keshia Baker*
Diamond Dixon*
 Jamaica (JAM)
Christine Day
Rosemarie Whyte
Shericka Williams
Novlene Williams-Mills
Shereefa Lloyd*
Dominique Blake[nb3]
 Ukraine (UKR)
Alina Lohvynenko
Olha Zemlyak
Hanna Yaroshchuk
Nataliya Pyhyda
2016 Rio de Janeiro
 United States (USA)
Allyson Felix
Phyllis Francis
Natasha Hastings
Courtney Okolo
Taylor Ellis-Watson*
Francena McCorory*
 Jamaica (JAM)
Stephenie Ann McPherson
Anneisha McLaughlin-Whilby
Shericka Jackson
Novlene Williams-Mills
Christine Day*
Chrisann Gordon*
 Great Britain (GBR)
Eilidh Doyle
Anyika Onuora
Emily Diamond
Christine Ohuruogu
Kelly Massey*
2020 Tokyo
 United States (USA)
Sydney McLaughlin
Allyson Felix
Dalilah Muhammad
Athing Mu
Kendall Ellis*
Lynna Irby*
Wadeline Jonathas*
Kaylin Whitney*
 Poland (POL)
Natalia Kaczmarek
Iga Baumgart-Witan
Małgorzata Hołub-Kowalik
Justyna Święty-Ersetic
Anna Kiełbasińska*
 Jamaica (JAM)
Roneisha McGregor
Janieve Russell
Shericka Jackson
Candice McLeod
Junelle Bromfield*
Stacey-Ann Williams*
2024 Paris

Note: * Indicates athletes who ran in preliminary rounds and also received medals.

  • nb1 Marion Jones was stripped of her Olympic medal in 2000.
  • nb2 Crystal Cox was stripped of her Olympic medal in 2004.
  • nb3 Dominique Blake was accidentally given her Olympic medal and she returned it in 2017.[5]
  • a Original silver medalists, Russia, and 4th place finishers, Belarus, were stripped of their results for doping offenses. Following reallocation, Jamaica were promoted to the silver medal, and Great Britain to the bronze.[6]
  • b Original silver medalists, Russia, were stripped of their medal for doping offenses. Following reallocation, Jamaica will be promoted to the silver medal, and Ukraine to the bronze.[7]

Multiple medalists

Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total
1Allyson Felix United States (USA)2008–20214004
2Sanya Richards-Ross United States (USA)2004–20123003
3Jearl Miles-Clark United States (USA)1992–20002103
4=Olga Nazarova Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1988–19922002
4=Olga Bryzgina Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1988–19922002
4=Lyudmila Dzhigalova Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1988–19922002
4=Monique Hennagan United States (USA)2000–20042002
4=Monique Henderson United States (USA)2004–20082002
4=DeeDee Trotter United States (USA)2004–20122002
10Denean Howard-Hill United States (USA)1984–19921203
11=Lillie Leatherwood United States (USA)1984–19881102
11=Sherri Howard United States (USA)1984–19881102
11=Valerie Brisco-Hooks United States (USA)1984–19881102
11=Diane Dixon United States (USA)1984–19881102
11=Rochelle Stevens United States (USA)1992–19961102
16Novlene Williams-Mills Jamaica (JAM)2004–20160314
17=Shereefa Lloyd Jamaica (JAM)2008–20120202
17=Rosemarie Whyte Jamaica (JAM)2008–20120202
17=Shericka Williams Jamaica (JAM)2008–20120202
20=Sandie Richards Jamaica (JAM)2000–20040112
20=Natalya Nazarova Russia (RUS)2000–20040112
20=Olesya Zykina Russia (RUS)2000–20040112
20=Michelle Burgher Jamaica (JAM)2000–20040112
20=Shericka Jackson Jamaica (JAM)2016-20200112
25=Grit Breuer East Germany (GDR)
 Germany (GER)
1988–19960022
25=Christine Ohuruogu Great Britain (GBR)2008–20160022

Medalists by country

Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 United States (USA)84012
2 East Germany (GDR)2114
3 Soviet Union (URS)2013
4 Unified Team (EUN)1001
5 Jamaica (JAM)0426
6 Russia (RUS)0112
7= Canada (CAN)0101
7= Nigeria (NGR)0101
7=  Poland (POL) 0 1 0 1
10 Great Britain (GBR)0044
11 West Germany (FRG)0022
12 Germany (GER)0011

Mixed

Games Gold Silver Bronze
2020 Tokyo
 Poland (POL)
Karol Zalewski
Natalia Kaczmarek
Justyna Święty-Ersetic
Kajetan Duszyński
Dariusz Kowaluk*
Iga Baumgart-Witan*
Małgorzata Hołub-Kowalik*
 Dominican Republic (DOM)
Lidio Andrés Feliz
Marileidy Paulino
Anabel Medina
Alexander Ogando
Luguelín Santos*
 United States (USA)
Trevor Stewart
Kendall Ellis
Kaylin Whitney
Vernon Norwood
Elija Godwin*
Lynna Irby*
Taylor Manson*
Bryce Deadmon*

Note * Indicates athletes who ran only in the preliminary round and also received medals.

Medalists by country

Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 Poland (POL)1001
2 Dominican Republic (DOM)0101
3 United States (USA)0011

1908 Olympic medley relay

Games Gold Silver Bronze
1908 London
 United States (USA)
William Hamilton
Nate Cartmell
John Taylor
Mel Sheppard
 Germany (GER)
Arthur Hoffmann
Hans Eicke
Otto Trieloff
Hanns Braun
 Hungary (HUN)
Pál Simon
Frigyes Wiesner
József Nagy
Ödön Bodor

Top ten fastest Olympic times

References

Participation and athlete data
Olympic record progressions
Specific
  1. Athletics at the 1908 London Summer Games: Men's 1,600 metres Medley Relay. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-08.
  2. "13th IAAF World Championships In Athletics: IAAF Statistics Handbook. Daegu 2011. (Part 5 of 5)". Monte Carlo: IAAF Media & Public Relations Department. 2011. pp. 546, 562, 705. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  3. Athletics Men's 4 × 400 metres Relay Medalists. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-07.
  4. Athletics Women's 4 × 400 metres Relay Medalists. Sports Reference. Retrieved on 2014-02-07.
  5. "Track and Field Olympians to be Recognized". University Park, Pennsylvania. October 4, 2012. Retrieved 2016-08-14. Blake, a member of Penn State's NCAA Champion 4x400 in 2008, also had a successful London experience, earning a bronze medal as a member of Jamaica's 4x400 relay pool.
  6. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-olympics-rio-doping-russia/russia-stripped-of-beijing-2008-4x400m-womens-silver-medal-idUSKCN10U242
  7. https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/38825752
  8. "Men's 4 × 400 m".
  9. "Women's 4 × 400 m".
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