406 Erna

Erna (minor planet designation: 406 Erna), provisional designation 1895 CB, is a dark asteroid of the background population in the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 46 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by French astronomer Auguste Charlois at Nice Observatory on 22 August 1895.[2] The asteroid was presumably named after Erna Bidschof, the granddaughter of Johann Palisa.[4]

406 Erna
A three-dimensional model of 406 Erna that was computed using light curve inversion techniques
Discovery [1][2]
Discovered byA. Charlois
Discovery siteNice Obs.
Discovery date22 August 1895
Designations
(406) Erna
PronunciationGerman: [ˈɛʁnaː][3]
Named after
Erna Bidschof [4]
(grand-daughter of J. Palisa)
1895 CB · 1949 KD1
A903 DA · A905 OB
main-belt · (outer) [5]
background [6]
Orbital characteristics [1]
Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc114.37 yr (41,772 days)
Aphelion3.4439 AU
Perihelion2.3861 AU
2.9150 AU
Eccentricity0.1814
4.98 yr (1,818 days)
168.93°
0° 11m 52.8s / day
Inclination4.1920°
315.76°
37.224°
Physical characteristics
Dimensions41.52±10.79 km[7]
46.145±0.732 km[8]
46.02±0.73 km[9]
46.266±0.310 km[10]
47.70±0.51 km[10]
49.19±1.7 km[5][11]
8.7893±0.0002 h[5][12]
8.790±0.0021 h[13]
8.79079[14]
0.0524±0.004[5][11]
0.056±0.010[10]
0.0595±0.0047[8]
0.060±0.007[15]
0.061±0.002[9]
0.08±0.03[7]
Tholen = P [1][5] · P [16]
B–V = 0.738[1]
U–B = 0.273[1]
9.81±0.44[17]
10.134±0.001 (R)[13]
10.36[1][5][8][10][9][11]
10.38[7]

    Orbit and classification

    Erna is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.[6] It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,818 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic.[1] The body's observation arc begins at the United States Naval Observatory in September 1905, more than 10 years after its official discovery observation at Nice.[2]

    Physical characteristics

    In the Tholen classification, Erna is a dark and primitive P-type asteroid.[1] It has also been characterized as such by polarimetric observations.[16]

    Rotation period

    In October 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Erna was obtained from photometric observations by French and Italian astronomers Raymond Poncy (177), Roberto Crippa (A12), Federico Manzini and Silvano Casulli. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.7893 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3).[12] Another lightcurve from the Palomar Transient Factory in November 2010 gave a similar period of 8.790 hours with an amplitude of 0.35 magnitude (U=2).[13]

    Spin axis

    In 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various data sources including the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and the Palomar Transient Factory survey. The modeling gave a concurring period of 8.79079 hours and determined two spin axis in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) of: (357.0°, −49.0°) and (161.0°, −60.0°).[14]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Erna measures between 41.52 and 49.19 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0524 and 0.060.[7][8][9][10][11][15]

    The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0524 and a diameter of 49.19 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.36.[5][11]

    Naming

    This minor planet was likely named after Erna Bidschof, the granddaughter of Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa, who was one of the most prolific discoverer of minor planets at the time. Erna is the daughter of the astronomer Friedrich Bidschof (1864–1915) and his wife Helene (née Palisa).[4]

    References
    1. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 406 Erna (1895 CB)" (2017-07-03 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
    2. "406 Erna (1895 CB)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
    3. (German Names)
    4. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (406) Erna. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 48. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_407. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    5. "LCDB Data for (406) Erna". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 4 November 2017.
    6. "Asteroid 406 Erna – Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
    7. Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Kramer, E. A.; Grav, T.; et al. (September 2016). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". The Astronomical Journal. 152 (3): 12. arXiv:1606.08923. Bibcode:2016AJ....152...63N. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63.
    8. Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90.
    9. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    10. Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Nugent, C.; et al. (November 2012). "Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 759 (1): 5. arXiv:1209.5794. Bibcode:2012ApJ...759L...8M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8.
    11. Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
    12. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (406) Erna". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
    13. Waszczak, Adam; Chang, Chan-Kao; Ofek, Eran O.; Laher, Russ; Masci, Frank; Levitan, David; et al. (September 2015). "Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (3): 35. arXiv:1504.04041. Bibcode:2015AJ....150...75W. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75.
    14. Hanus, J.; Durech, J.; Broz, M.; Marciniak, A.; Warner, B. D.; Pilcher, F.; et al. (March 2013). "Asteroids' physical models from combined dense and sparse photometry and scaling of the YORP effect by the observed obliquity distribution". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 551: 16. arXiv:1301.6943. Bibcode:2013A&A...551A..67H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220701.
    15. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121.
    16. Belskaya, I. N.; Fornasier, S.; Tozzi, G. P.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Cellino, A.; Antonyuk, K.; et al. (March 2017). "Refining the asteroid taxonomy by polarimetric observations". Icarus. 284: 30–42. Bibcode:2017Icar..284...30B. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.003.
    17. Veres, Peter; Jedicke, Robert; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Denneau, Larry; Granvik, Mikael; Bolin, Bryce; et al. (November 2015). "Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results". Icarus. 261: 34–47. arXiv:1506.00762. Bibcode:2015Icar..261...34V. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007.

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