856 Backlunda

856 Backlunda (prov. designation: A916 GQ or 1916 Σ30) is a dark background asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 3 April 1916, by Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula.[1] The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.1 hours and measures approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) in diameter. It was named after Swedish-Russian astronomer Oskar Backlund (1846–1916).[2]

856 Backlunda
Shape of Backlunda from modeled lightcurve
Discovery[1]
Discovered byS. Belyavskyj
Discovery siteSimeiz Obs.
Discovery date3 April 1916
Designations
(856) Backlunda
Named after
Oskar Backlund
(Swedish-Russian astronomer)[2]
A916 GQ · 1955 PB
1955 QO1 · 1958 LA
1959 SQ · 1962 MA
A908 CB · 1916 Σ30
Orbital characteristics[3]
Epoch 31 May 2020 (JD 2459000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc88.67 yr (32,385 d)
Aphelion2.7255 AU
Perihelion2.1440 AU
2.4348 AU
Eccentricity0.1194
3.80 yr (1,388 d)
137.72°
0° 15m 33.84s / day
Inclination14.328°
125.54°
72.999°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
12.08 h[9]
  • (42.0°, 44.0°) (λ1/β1)[5]
  • (226.0°, 73.0°) (λ2/β2)[5]
10.7[1][3]

    Orbit and classification

    Backlunda is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.[4][5] It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,388 days; semi-major axis of 2.43 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic.[3] The asteroid was first observed as A908 CB at Taunton Observatory (803) in February 1908. The body's observation arc begins at Algiers Observatory in North Africa on 28 February 1931, almost 15 years after to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.[1]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named after Swedish-born Russian astronomer Oskar Backlund (1846–1916), who is known for studying the orbit of comets, in particular that of Comet Encke. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 84).[2] The astronomer is also honored by the 75-kilometer lunar crater Backlund.[13]

    Physical characteristics

    In the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, Backlunda is a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid.[3] It is also a C-type in the MOVIS catalog of the VISTA Hemisphere Survey conducted with the VISTA telescope at Paranal Observatory in Chile.[11]

    Rotation period and poles

    In February 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Backlunda was obtained from photometric observations by Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.08 hours with a brightness variation of 0.29 magnitude (U=2).[9]

    In May 2019, an alternative period determination of 11.965±0.007 hours with an amplitude of 0.09±0.02 magnitude was made by Tom Polakis at the Command Module Observatory (V02) in Arizona (U=2).[14] Additional, tentative lightcurves gave a period of (12.05±0.05 h) by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in July 2004, (12.028±0.001 h) by Jean-Gabriel Bosch and Axel Martin in March 2007, and (12.050±0.001 h) by Bruno Christmann, David Augustin and Raoul Behrend in July 2019 (U=2/2/2).[15]

    In 2016, a modeled lightcurve gave a concurring sidereal period of 12.02894±0.00005 hours using data from a large collaboration of individual observers (such as above). The study also determined two spin axes of (42.0°, 44.0°) and (226.0°, 73.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ,β).[5][16]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Backlunda measures (43.43±0.50) and (45.449±0.132) kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (0.050±0.001) and (0.045±0.007), respectively.[6][7][8] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 40.51 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.69.[11] Alternative mean-diameter measurements published by the WISE team include (42.354±15.82 km), (45.94±16.45 km), (47.09±17.54 km), (49.222±0.414 km) and (67.06±13.72 km) with corresponding albedos of (0.0394), (0.04±0.02), (0.032±0.017), (0.0317±0.0021) and (0.02±0.02).[5][11] Between 2003 and 2009, several asteroid occultations of Backlunda were observed. The best-rated observations from March 2003, October 2005 and August 2008, gave a best-fit ellipse dimension of (59.5 km × 36.9 km), (57.2 km × 43.8 km) and (48.7 km × 44.7 km), respectively. These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star.[5]

    References
    1. "856 Backlunda (A916 GQ)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
    2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(856) Backlunda". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 78. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_857. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    3. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 856 Backlunda (A916 GQ)" (2019-10-29 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
    4. "Asteroid 856 Backlunda – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
    5. "Asteroid 856 Backlunda". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
    6. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    7. Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Grav, T.; Kramer, E. A.; Masiero, J. R.; et al. (June 2016). "NEOWISE Diameters and Albedos V1.0". NASA Planetary Data System: EAR-A-COMPIL-5-NEOWISEDIAM-V1.0. Bibcode:2016PDSS..247.....M. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
    8. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121.
    9. Binzel, R. P. (October 1987). "A photoelectric survey of 130 asteroids". Icarus. 72 (1): 135–208. Bibcode:1987Icar...72..135B. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(87)90125-4. ISSN 0019-1035.
    10. Popescu, M.; Licandro, J.; Carvano, J. M.; Stoicescu, R.; de León, J.; Morate, D.; et al. (September 2018). "Taxonomic classification of asteroids based on MOVIS near-infrared colors". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 617: A12. arXiv:1807.00713. Bibcode:2018A&A...617A..12P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833023. ISSN 0004-6361.
    11. "LCDB Data for (856) Backlunda". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 5 March 2020.
    12. Warner, Brian D. (December 2007). "Initial Results of a Dedicated H-G Project" (PDF). Minor Planet Bulletin. 34 (4): 113–119. Bibcode:2007MPBu...34..113W. ISSN 1052-8091. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
    13. "Crater Backlund". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
    14. Polakis, Tom (October 2019). "Photometric Observations of Seventeen Minor Planets" (PDF). Minor Planet Bulletin. 46 (4): 400–406. Bibcode:2019MPBu...46..400P. ISSN 1052-8091. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
    15. Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (856) Backlunda". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
    16. Hanuš, J.; Ďurech, J.; Oszkiewicz, D. A.; Behrend, R.; Carry, B.; Delbo, M.; et al. (February 2016). "New and updated convex shape models of asteroids based on optical data from a large collaboration network". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 586: A108. arXiv:1510.07422. Bibcode:2016A&A...586A.108H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527441. ISSN 0004-6361.
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