940 Kordula

940 Kordula (prov. designation: A920 TE or 1920 HT) is a large and dark Cybele asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 80 kilometers (50 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1920, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Germany.[1] The carbonaceous F-type asteroid (FC) has a rotation period of 15.6 hours. It was named "Kordula", a common German female name unrelated to the discoverer's contemporaries, that was taken from the almanac Lahrer Hinkender Bote.[2]

940 Kordula
Discovery [1]
Discovered byK. Reinmuth
Discovery siteHeidelberg Obs.
Discovery date10 October 1920
Designations
(940) Kordula
Named after
Name picked from the almanac
Lahrer Hinkender Bote [2]
A920 TE · 1947 BG
1947 EB · 1954 DB
1963 PC · 1920 HT
main-belt [1] · (outer) [3]
Cybele
Orbital characteristics [3]
Epoch 31 May 2020 (JD 2459000.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc99.24 yr (36,248 d)
Aphelion3.9375 AU
Perihelion2.7940 AU
3.3657 AU
Eccentricity0.1699
6.17 yr (2,255 d)
41.359°
0° 9m 34.56s / day
Inclination6.2428°
66.320°
283.51°
Physical characteristics
Mean diameter
  • 79.852±0.504 km[4]
  • 87.21±2.6 km[5]
  • 87.65±1.50 km[6]
15.57±0.36 h[7][8]
  • 0.035±0.002[6]
  • 0.0352±0.002[5]
  • 0.041±0.009[4]
9.2[3]
9.3[1]

    Orbit and classification

    Kordula is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements.[9] It is located in the orbital region of the dynamical Cybele asteroids, which stay in a 7:4 orbital resonance with Jupiter. The Cybeles are the last outpost of the extended asteroid belt, already located beyond the Hecuba gap. It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8–3.9 AU once every 6 years and 2 months (2,255 days; semi-major axis of 3.37 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.[3] The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory on 11 October 1920, the night after its official discovery observation.[1]

    Naming

    This minor planet was named "Kordula", after a female name picked from the Lahrer Hinkender Bote, published in Lahr, southern Germany. A Hinkender Bote (lit. "limping messenger") was a very popular almanac, especially in the alemannic-speaking region from the late 17th throughout the early 20th century. The calendar section contains feast days, the dates of important fairs and astronomical ephemerides. The calendar contains a German name day analogue for the respective catholic and protestant feast-days (entry not found).[10] "Kordula" derives from Cordula and may refer to Saint Cordula.

    Reinmuth's calendar names

    As with 22 other asteroids – starting with 913 Otila, and ending with 1144 Oda – Reinmuth selected names from this calendar due to his many asteroid discoveries that he had trouble thinking of proper names. These names are not related to the discoverer's contemporaries. Lutz Schmadel, the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names learned about Reinmuth's source of inspiration from private communications with Dutch astronomer Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, who worked as a young astronomer at Heidelberg.[2]

    Physical characteristics

    In the Tholen classification, Kordula is closest to an F-type asteroid, and somewhat similar to that to a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid.[3][11]

    Rotation period

    In October 1999, a rotational lightcurve of Kordula was obtained from photometric observations by Vincenzo Zappalà and his Italian colleagues. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 15.57 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.36 magnitude (U=3).[7][8]

    Diameter and albedo

    According to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the Japanese Akari satellite, Kordula measures (79.852±0.504), (87.21±2.6) and (87.65±1.50) kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of (0.041±0.009), (0.0352±0.002) and (0.035±0.002), respectively.[4][5][6]

    Further published mean-diameters and albedos by the WISE team include (77.941±26.705 km), (87.10±25.52 km), (87.29±33.02 km), and (93.192±1.325 km) with corresponding albedos of (0.044±0.024), (0.04±0.03), (0.04±0.03), and (0.0308±0.0066).[11][7] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results from IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0352 and a diameter of 87.21 km based on an absolute magnitude of 9.55.[7][11]

    References
    1. "940 Kordula (A920 TE)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
    2. Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(940) Kordula". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 83. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_941. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
    3. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 940 Kordula (A920 TE)" (2020-01-07 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
    4. Masiero, Joseph R.; Grav, T.; Mainzer, A. K.; Nugent, C. R.; Bauer, J. M.; Stevenson, R.; et al. (August 2014). "Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos". The Astrophysical Journal. 791 (2): 11. arXiv:1406.6645. Bibcode:2014ApJ...791..121M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121. S2CID 119293330.
    5. Tedesco, E. F.; Noah, P. V.; Noah, M.; Price, S. D. (October 2004). "IRAS Minor Planet Survey V6.0". NASA Planetary Data System. 12: IRAS-A-FPA-3-RDR-IMPS-V6.0. Bibcode:2004PDSS...12.....T. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
    6. Usui, Fumihiko; Kuroda, Daisuke; Müller, Thomas G.; Hasegawa, Sunao; Ishiguro, Masateru; Ootsubo, Takafumi; et al. (October 2011). "Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 63 (5): 1117–1138. Bibcode:2011PASJ...63.1117U. doi:10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117. (online, AcuA catalog p. 153)
    7. "LCDB Data for (940) Kordula". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 16 February 2020.
    8. Zappalà, V.; Di Martino, M.; Cellino, A.; Farinella, P.; De Sanctis, G.; Ferreri, W. (December 1989). "Rotational properties of outer belt asteroids". Icarus. 82 (2): 354–368. Bibcode:1989Icar...82..354Z. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90043-2.
    9. "Asteroid 940 Kordula – Proper Elements". AstDyS-2, Asteroids – Dynamic Site. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
    10. "Lahrer hinkender Bote – Kalender 1925". Badischen Landesbibliothek. 1925. p. 1. Retrieved 16 February 2020. Lahrer Bote archive
    11. "Asteroid 940 Kordula". Small Bodies Data Ferret. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
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