99 Bottles of Beer

The song's lyrics are as follows, beginning with n=99:[1][2]

(n) bottles of beer on the wall. (n) bottles of beer. Take one down, pass it around, (n-1) bottles of beer on the wall.

Alternative line:[3]

If one of those bottles should happen to fall, 98 bottles of beer on the wall...

The same verse is repeated, each time with one bottle fewer, until there is none left. Variations on the last verse following the last bottle going down include lines such as:

No more bottles of beer on the wall, no more bottles of beer.
Go to the store and buy some more, 99 bottles of beer on the wall...

Or:

No more bottles of beer on the wall, no more bottles of beer.
We've taken them down and passed them around; now we're drunk and passed out!

Other alternate lines read:

If that one bottle should happen to fall, what a waste of alcohol!

Or:

No more bottles of beer on the wall, no more bottles of beer.
There's nothing else to fall, because there's no more bottles of beer on the wall.

Or:

The song does not stop at the last "1" or "0" bottles of beer but continues counting with −1 (Negative one) Bottles of beer on the wall Take one down, pass it around, −2 (negative 2) bottles of beer on the wall... continuing onward through the negative numbers

The boring and time-consuming nature of the "99 Bottles of Beer" song means that probably only a minority of renditions are done to the final verse. The American comedian Andy Kaufman exploited this fact in the routine early in his career when he would actually sing all 100 verses.[4]

Atticus, a band from Knoxville, Tennessee recorded a thirteen and a half minute live version of the song in its entirety at a club in Glasgow, Scotland called The Cathouse. It was included in the 2001 album Figment. Rich Stewart aka Homebrew Stew listed it the number one drinking song out of 86 in an article for Modern Drunkard Magazine the following year.[5]

Donald Byrd has collected dozens of variants inspired by mathematical concepts and written by himself and others.[6] (A subset of his collection has been published.[7]) Byrd argues that the collection has pedagogic as well as amusement value. Among his variants are:

• "Infinity bottles of beer on the wall". If one bottle is taken down, there are still infinite bottles of beer on the wall (thus creating an unending sequence much like "The Song That Never Ends").
  • "Aleph-null bottles of beer on the wall". Aleph-null is the size of the set of all natural numbers, and is the smallest infinity and the only countable one; therefore, even if an infinite aleph-null of bottles fall, the same amount remains.
  • "Aleph-one/two/three/etc. bottles of beer on the wall". Aleph-one, two, three, etc. are uncountable infinite sets, which are larger than countable ones; therefore, if only a countable infinity of bottles fall, an uncountable number remains.

Other versions in Byrd's collection involve concepts including geometric progressions, differentials, Euler's identity, complex numbers, summation notation, the Cantor set, the Fibonacci sequence, and the continuum hypothesis, among others.

The computer scientist Donald Knuth proved that the song has a complexity of ${\displaystyle O(\log N)}$ in his in-joke-article "The Complexity of Songs".[8]

Numerous computer programs exist to output the lyrics to the song. This is analogous to "Hello, World!" programs, with the addition of a loop. As with "Hello World!", this can be a practice exercise for those studying computer programming, and a demonstration of different programming paradigms dealing with looping constructs and syntactic differences between programming languages within a paradigm.

The program has been written in over 1,500 different programming languages.[9]

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void) {
    for( size_t i = 99; i > 0; i-- ) {
        printf("%zu bottle%s of beer on the wall, %zu bottle%s of beer.\nTake one down & pass it around, now there's ",
            i, (i==1? "" : "s"), i, (i==1? "" : "s"));
        
        printf(( i > 1 )? "%zu bottles of beer on the wall\n" : "no more bottles of beer on the wall!\n", i-1);
    }
}

fn main() {
    let mut i = 99;
    loop {
        if i == 1 {
            println!("{} bottle of beer on the wall, {} bottle of beer.\nTake one down and pass it around, there's no more bottles of beer on the wall!", i, i);
            break;
        } else {
            println!("{} bottles of beer on the wall, {} bottles of beer.\nTake one down and pass it around, now there's {} more bottles of beer on the wall!", i, i, (i - 1));
        }
        i -= 1;
    }
}

• "Potje met vet" – a traditional Dutch song sung in the same style
• "Ten Green Bottles" – a similar song which is popular in the United Kingdom