eMule

eMule is a free peer-to-peer file sharing application for Microsoft Windows. Started in May 2002 as an alternative to eDonkey2000, eMule now connects to both the eDonkey network and the Kad network. The distinguishing features of eMule are the direct exchange of sources between client nodes, fast recovery of corrupted downloads, and the use of a credit system to reward frequent uploaders. Furthermore, eMule transmits data in zlib-compressed form to save bandwidth.

eMule
Original author(s)Merkur
Developer(s)eMule-Team
Initial releaseMay 13, 2002 (2002-05-13)
Final release0.50a (April 7, 2010 (2010-04-07)[1]) [±]
Repository
Written inC++[2]
Operating systemWindows
Available in43 languages[3]
TypePeer-to-peer file sharing
LicenseGNU GPLv2
Websiteemule-project.net
eMule Community
Developer(s)fox88
Stable release
0.70a / August 26, 2023 (2023-08-26)[4]
Repositorygithub.com/irwir/eMule
WebsiteForum community thread

eMule is coded in C++ using the Microsoft Foundation Classes. Since July 2002 eMule has been free software, released under the GNU General Public License; its popularity has led to eMule's codebase being used as the basis of cross-platform clients aMule, JMule, xMule, along with the release of many eMule mods (modifications of the original eMule) on the Internet.

As of August 2017, it is the fourth most downloaded project on SourceForge, with over 685 million downloads.[5]

Development was later restarted by the community as eMule Community; the latest stable version is 0.70a.[4]

History

The eMule project was started on May 13, 2002 by Hendrik Breitkreuz (also known as Merkur) who was dissatisfied with the original eDonkey2000 client. Over time more developers joined the effort. The source was first released at version 0.02 and published on SourceForge on July 6, 2002.

eMule was first released as a binary on August 4, 2002 at version 0.05a. The 'Credit System' was implemented for the first time on September 14, 2002 in version 0.19a. The eMule project website started up on December 8, 2002.

Nodes in Kad network

Current versions (v0.40+) of eMule have added support for the Kad network. This network has an implementation of the Kademlia protocol, which does not rely on central servers as the eDonkey network does, but is an implementation of a distributed hash table.

Also added in recent versions were the ability to search using unicode, allowing for searches for files in non-Latin alphabets, and the ability to search servers for files with complete sources of unfinished files on the eDonkey network.

In new versions, a "Bad source list" was added. The application adds an IP address to this list after one unsuccessful connection. After adding an IP to the "Bad source list", the application treats this IP as a "dead" IP. Unavailable IPs are banned for a time period from 15 to 45 minutes. Some users have complained that it leads to a loss of active sources and subsequently slows download speed.

Other recent additions include: the ability to run eMule from a user account with limited privileges (thus enhancing security), and AICH (so that a corrupted chunk does not need to be re-downloaded entirely).

The 0.46b version added the creation and management of "eMule collection" files, which contain a set of links to files intended to be downloaded as a set.

From 2007, many ISPs have used bandwidth throttling for usual P2P ports, resulting in slow performances.[6] The 0.47b version adds protocol obfuscation and eMule will automatically select two port numbers at random in the startup wizard.

Basic concepts
File transfer statistics of v0.48a

Each file that is shared using eMule is hashed as a hash list comprising separate 9500 KiB chunks using the MD4 algorithm. The top-level MD4 hash, file size, filename, and several secondary search attributes such as bit rate and codec are stored on eD2k servers and the serverless Kad network.

Search parameters in eMule v0.50a

Users can search for filenames in the servers/kad and are presented with the filenames and the unique identifier consisting of the top-level MD4 hash for the file and the file's size that can be added to their downloads. The client then asks the servers where the other clients are using that hash. The servers return a set of IP/ports that indicate the locations of the clients that share the file.

eMule then asks the peers for the file. eMule will then be queued until an upload slot becomes available.

When a complete chunk of 9,728,000 bytes (9500 KiB) is downloaded and verified, this data is also shared by the downloader, helping others to download the file as well.

It is also possible that a client knows other clients that are also sharing that same file. In that case a source exchange between the clients is made. This exchange of known peers is done directly between the peers.

Newer versions of eMule support AICH (Advanced Intelligent Corruption Handling). It is meant to make eMule's corruption handling competitive with BitTorrent. SHA-1 hashes are computed for each 180 KiB sub-chunk and a whole SHA-1 hash tree is formed. AICH is processed purely with peer-to-peer source exchanges. eMule requires 10 agreeing peers regarding the SHA-1 hash, so rare files generally do not benefit from AICH.

Low ID

Users who cannot be reached from the outside because they are firewalled, behind a NAT device that has not been correctly port forwarded, or whose IP address ends with a zero (e.g. 123.45.67.0)[7] get a "Low ID" from the servers. They are still able to upload and download but need the help of servers or other kad clients to be reached by other clients. Since they cannot be notified that they are in front of an upload queue, they have to poll peers if an upload slot is available. Since they cannot connect to any other Low ID clients, they see only 40–60% [8] of the clients that a High ID can see. Their IP/ports are not exchanged between other peers, limiting their possibilities for finding sources via eMule's pure-P2P source exchange.

A Low ID client also consumes a lot more data [9] on an eserver than a High ID client due to the lowidcallbacks. Also, a releaser or heavy uploader that uses a releaser mod such as MorphXT or Xtreme that is forced to operate on a Low ID (hotel room, job) also will find that they will have little control over their upload priorities (especially powershares) as the servers appear to limit their connection-forwarding for each client, thus turning their upload queue to a contention situation where the first to be able to get forwarding and find an open slot gets it.

Credit system

Credits are not global; they are exchanged between two specific clients. The credit system is used to reward users contributing to the network, i.e. uploading to other clients. The strict queue system in eMule is based on the waiting time a user has spent in the queue. The credit system provides a major modifier to this waiting time by taking the upload and download between the two clients into consideration. The more a user uploads to a client the faster they advance in this client's queue. The modifiers are calculated from the amount of transferred data between the two clients. The values used can be seen in the client's details dialog. To view this information, right-click on any user and choose View Details.

All Clients uploading to you are rewarded by the credit system. It does not matter if the client supports the credit system or not. Non-supporting clients will grant you no credits when you upload to them. Credits are stored in the clients.met file. The unique user hash is used to identify the client. Your own credits are saved by the client who owes you the credit. This prevents faking the credits. Your own credits cannot be displayed.

The computation formula for the Official Credit System is composed of two ratios as follows:[10]

Both ratios are then compared and the lower one is used as the modifier. A few conditions exist:

  • If the Uploaded Total is less than 1 MB, then the modifier will remain at 1.
  • If the client uploads data but doesn't download any, the modifier will be fixed at 10.
  • The modifier can only be between 1 and 10.

An exception to this rule applies only when a peer is assigned a "Friend Slot" after being added to the client's Friends list. This automatically assigns a reserved upload slot for that peer so that he/she can begin downloading regardless of the Credit rating. Only one Friend Slot can be reserved so as to prevent any form of abuse such as upload discrimination.[11]

eMule compared to other P2P applications

eMule is said to be the most complete implementation of the eD2k protocol and its extensions. eMule supports AICH, making its corruption handling competitive with BitTorrent. eMule also supports source exchanges, allowing it to substantially reduce the loads on the servers and Kad. With a High ID and well-sourced downloads pre-acquired by server and/or Kad, eMule is able to sustain the peer sources on these files independent longer after disconnection from eD2k and Kad.

eMule mods
See also: Comparison of eDonkey software

As a popular open source program, eMule has many variants, usually called mods. Some mods started as forks from official eMule versions and then continued to develop independently rather than modifying newer official versions. An example of this type of mod is the obsolete eMule Plus. Since eMule Plus forked off before the release of v0.30, the first official version to include Kad, eMule Plus does not support this feature mainly because the project development has been abandoned for about 4 years. Other current mods follow official eMule releases and make their own releases based on each new release of the official version. Since distributed mods are required to publicly share their source code by the GNU General Public License, useful features created by mod developers can be quickly incorporated into an official version.

Fake eMule sites and malware

Due to the popularity and open-source nature of eMule, some third parties have created modified versions of it, which frequently contain spyware and other malware programs. Some fake sites ask for credit card information or require the user to sign up for a paid membership. The official eMule is free and does not ask for such information.

These versions are usually found via rotating advertisements sometimes placed on legitimate sites.[12][13]

Chinese mods of eMule client

VeryCD's easyMule is a popular eMule client among Chinese users. It has a simplified interface and lacks some advanced settings available in the standard eMule client. As of version 1.1 it only supports searching through the VeryCD database, though external eD2k links are accepted. Some criticized VeryCD for their misleading name "Dianlv" (Chinese: 电驴; pinyin: Diàn Lǘ; lit. 'Electronic Donkey'; generally the Chinese name for eDonkey or eMule) and the site emule.org.cn, which is named "Dianlv (eMule) Chinese Site" (电驴(eMule)中文网站).[14][15]

Community version

On July 29, 2017 was released a "Community Version" of eMule[16] maintained by the official forum users. This version is available to download in a GitHub repository and is based on the latest official release or beta but contains additional features and bug fixes made by the community, prioritizing a more up-to-date version.[17]

See also

References
  1. "The eMule Project at SourceForge.net". eMule.SourceForge.net. 2010-04-07. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  2. Lextrait, Vincent (January 2010). "The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0". Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
  3. eMule 0.50a Source Archived 2011-06-13 at the Wayback Machine: /srchybrid/lang/
  4. "Releases". GitHub. 2021-05-13. Archived from the original on 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
  5. "Top Project Listings". sourceforge.net. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
  6. "DailyTech - More ISP Confessions: We Throttle P2P Traffic". Archived from the original on 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
  7. forum.emule-project.net Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine How a Low ID is calculated.
  8. "Low Id clients increasing - Official eMule-Board". emule-project.net. Archived from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
  9. forum.emule-project.net Archived 2023-01-17 at the Wayback Machine lugdunummaster's technical post on direct and collateral upstream bandwidth consumption of a Low ID and a High ID client on RazorBack, in this example 20 times more overhead
  10. "eMule-Project.net - Official eMule Homepage. Downloads, Help, Docu, News..." emule-project.net. Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
  11. "eMule-Project.net - Official eMule Homepage. Downloads, Help, Docu, News..." www.emule-project.net. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
  12. "The Spyware Infested Filesharing Programs List". 10 November 2006. Archived from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  13. "Fraudulent sites to eMule". 11 December 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2009-03-16.
  14. 陈佼"每周一蛋疼"：诚恳建议"电驴"改名 (in Chinese). cnBeta. Archived from the original on 2010-07-20. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
  15. "VeryCD对eMule/电驴/电骡/VeryCD/EasyMule等词的混淆性宣传分析与证据" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
  16. "Release eMule_v0.50b-unofficial: .: Fixed: minimize to tray after display scaling change". irwir/eMule. 29 July 2017. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  17. "eMule-Project.net". Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
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