ASHRAE

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE /ˈæʃreɪ/ ASH-ray) is an American professional association seeking to advance heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems design and construction. ASHRAE has over 50,000 members in more than 130 countries worldwide.

ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
Formation1895 (1895)
TypeNot-for-profit membership organization
Headquarters180 Technology Parkway, Peachtree Corners, Georgia 30092
Location
  • United States
Coordinates33.961800°N 84.220889°W / 33.961800; -84.220889
Region served
Worldwide
Membership
Over 50,000 in over 130 countries[1]
Official language
English
President
Ginger Scoggins, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE[2]
Websitewww.ashrae.org

ASHRAE's members are composed of building services engineers, architects, mechanical contractors, building owners, equipment manufacturers' employees, and others concerned with the design and construction of HVAC&R systems in buildings. The society funds research projects, offers continuing education programs, and develops and publishes technical standards to improve building services engineering, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and sustainable development.[3]

History

ASHRAE was founded in 1894 at a meeting of engineers in New York City, formerly headquartered at 345 East 47th Street, and has held an annual meeting since 1895.[4] Until 1954 it was known as the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (ASHVE); in that year it changed its name to the American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHAE).[5] Its current name and organization came from the 1959 merger of ASHAE and the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE).

Despite having 'American' in its name, ASHRAE is a global organization,[6] holding international events.[7][8] In 2012, it rebranded itself with a new logo and tagline: "Shaping Tomorrow's Built Environment Today".

2020 Coronavirus advice

Lawrence J. Schoen argued in the ASHRAE Journal Newsletter of 24 March 2020 that,[9] because of the WHO guidance:[10]

The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

it was the duty of ASHRAE members to

  • Increase disinfection of frequently touched surfaces.
  • Install more hand sanitation dispensers, assuming they can be procured.
  • Supervise or shut down food preparation and warming areas, including the office pantry and coffee station.
  • Close or post warning signs at water fountains in favor of bottle filling stations and sinks, or even better, encourage employees to bring their water from home.

In light of the OSHA Guidance on Preparing Workplaces for COVID-19 that "non-health care workplaces fall into the medium and lower exposure risk categories", and absent a clear WHO directive, only after running through the checklist mentioned above should they tackle the HVAC vector. He acknowledged that in at least one non peer-reviewed paper detectable levels of the SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA were found to be transmitted by aerodynamic suspension in toilets and ICUs but decided to make this revelation of secondary importance in his own Guidance.[11]

Further discussion of this topic can be found in a National Post article by Tom Blackwell dated 26 April 2020.[12] Blackwell mentions the CIHR-funded study of Brian Fleck, who observes that Legionnaires' disease is known to be spread by buildings. Blackwell repeats the warning of Morawska and Cao, who strongly believe:[13]

that the virus is likely to be spreading through the (indoor) air. If this is the case, it will take at least several months for this to be confirmed by science. This is valuable time lost that could be used to properly control the epidemic by the measures outlined above and prevent more infections and loss of life. Therefore, we plead that the international and national authorities acknowledge the reality that the virus spreads through air, and recommend that adequate control measures, as discussed above be implemented to prevent further spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

The research article entitled COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Air Conditioning in Restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020[14] was also mentioned by Blackwell in support of his hypothesis; and on 27 April 2020, the journal Nature published an article entitled Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals in which air flow in poorly ventilated areas such as indoor toilets were possibly to blame for the persistence of the harm to society.[15][16]

Publications

The ASHRAE Handbook is a four-volume resource for HVAC&R technology and is available in both print and electronic versions. The volumes are Fundamentals, HVAC Applications, HVAC Systems and Equipment, and Refrigeration. One of the four volumes is updated each year.

ASHRAE also publishes a set of standards and guidelines relating to HVAC systems and issues, that are often referenced in building codes and used by consulting engineers, mechanical contractors, architects, and government agencies.[17][18] These standards are periodically reviewed, revised and republished.

Examples of some ASHRAE Standards are:

  • Standard 34 – Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants
  • Standard 55 – Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
  • Standard 62.1 – Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (versions: 2001 and earlier as "62", 2004 and beyond as "62.1")
  • Standard 62.2 – Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings
  • Standard 90.1 – Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings – The IESNA is a joint sponsor of this standard.
  • Standard 135 – BACnet - A Data Communication Protocol for Building Automation and Control Networks
  • Standard 189.1 – Standard for the Design of High Performance, Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings[19]

The society also publishes two magazines: the ASHRAE Journal is issued monthly, and High Performing Buildings Magazine is published quarterly. They contain articles on related technology, information on upcoming meetings, editorials, and case studies of various well-performing buildings.[20]

ASHRAE also publishes books, ASHRAE Transactions, and the International Journal of HVAC&R Research.

Legislation

ASHRAE supported the Streamlining Energy Efficiency for Schools Act of 2014 (H.R. 4092; 113th Congress), a bill that would require the United States Department of Energy to establish a centralized clearinghouse to disseminate information on federal programs, incentives, and mechanisms for financing energy-efficient retrofits and upgrades at schools.[21][22]

Society awards

ASHRAE offers six categories of awards: achievement awards to recognize personal honors; personal awards for general and specific society activities; paper awards; society awards for groups or chapters; chapters and regional awards.[23]

ASHRAE Fellows

ASHRAE Fellow is a Membership Grade of Distinction conferred by The College of Fellows of ASHRAE, Inc.[24] to an ASHRAE member with significant publications or innovations and distinguished scientific and engineering background in the fields of heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, ventilation. The ASHRAE Fellow membership grade is the highest elected grade in ASHRAE.

Headquarters renewal

To demonstrate the Society's commitment to sustainability, ASHRAE renovated its previous headquarters building in Atlanta, Ga. After the renovation and occupancy in June 2008, the building received many awards, including an Energy Star rating with a score of 95, a Platinum Certification from USGBC's LEED program, and four Green Globes from the Green Building Initiative. The current site energy use intensity (EUI) is 35.8 kBtu/Sqft (411 MJ/m2), a 60 percent reduction from the pre-renovation value. The renovation included the use of a dedicated outdoor air supply (DOAS) system with energy recovery and humidity control; a ground-source heat pump system (GSHP); and variable refrigerant flow systems with heat recovery.[25] The building also serves as a live case study. A web-based user interface allowed researchers around the world to extract data from the building to study factors such as energy use and electric power demand, water consumption and indoor air quality.[26]

In moving its world headquarters from Atlanta to the Atlanta suburb of Peachtree Corners the society plans to spend $15.7 million to retrofit an existing building so that its energy consumption is reduced to net-zero and so that it will become a showcase for the latest HVAC&R equipment and technology.[27]

See also

References
  1. "Membership".
  2. "ASHRAE Board of Directors".
  3. "About ASHRAE". Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  4. "Pure Air for Tenements; the Suggestions of E.P. Bates to Fellow Engineers". The New York Times. January 23, 1895. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
  5. "Trade Group Changes Name". The New York Times (subscription required). 26 November 1954. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
  6. Wong, Albert (August 18, 2006). "Bus air-con gives medics the chills". The Standard, Hong Kong. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
  7. Pradesh, Andhra (May 6, 2007). "Workshop on 'Green Buildings'". The Hindu. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
  8. "Heating industry aims zero ozone depletion". The Hindu Business Line, India. February 14, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
  9. Schoen, Lawrence J. (24 March 2020). "Guidance for Building Operations During the COVID-19 Pandemic". ASHRAE.
  10. "Home -> Health topics -> Coronavirus". WHO. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  11. Liu, Yuan; Ning, Zhi; Chen, Yu; Guo, Ming; Liu, Yingle; Gali, Nirmal Kumar; Sun, Li; Duan, Yusen; Cai, Jing; Westerdahl, Dane; Liu, Xinjin; Ho, Kin-fai; Kan, Haidong; Fu, Qingyan; Lan, Ke (2020). "Aerodynamic Characteristics and RNA Concentration of SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol in Wuhan Hospitals during COVID-19 Outbreak" (PDF). doi:10.1101/2020.03.08.982637. S2CID 214726904. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. Blackwell, Tom (26 April 2020). "COVID-19 can be spread by building ventilation, say Canadian researchers working on an HVAC fix". National Post, a division of Postmedia Network Inc.
  13. Morawska, Lidia; Cao, Junji (2020). "Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality". Environment International. 139: 105730. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105730. PMC 7151430. PMID 32294574.
  14. Lu, Jianyun; Gu, Jieni; Li, Kuibiao; Xu, Conghui; Su, Wenzhe; Lai, Zhisheng; Zhou, Deqian; Yu, Chao; Xu, Bin; Yang, Zhicong (2020). "COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with Air Conditioning in Restaurant, Guangzhou, China, 2020". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (7): 1628–1631. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200764. PMC 7323555. PMID 32240078.
  15. Liu, Yuan; Ning, Zhi; Chen, Yu; Guo, Ming; Liu, Yingle; Gali, Nirmal Kumar; Sun, Li; Duan, Yusen; Cai, Jing; Westerdahl, Dane; Liu, Xinjin; Xu, Ke; Ho, Kin-fai; Kan, Haidong; Fu, Qingyan; Lan, Ke (2020). "Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals". Nature. 582 (7813): 557–560. Bibcode:2020Natur.582..557L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3. PMID 32340022.
  16. Ensor, Josie (27 April 2020). "Coronavirus can linger in the air of crowded spaces or toilets for hours, study finds". The Daily Telegraph.
  17. "Energy efficiency traps moisture". The Free Lance–Star, Indiana, USA. September 22, 1983. Retrieved August 14, 2009.
  18. Charles, Eleonor (August 12, 1990). "In the Region: Connecticut and Westchester; The Problem of 'Sick Building Syndrome'". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
  19. "ASHRAE Standard 189.1 Published". Contracting Business News. January 24, 2010. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
  20. "High Performing Buildings". High Performing Buildings. ASHRAE.
  21. "CBO - H.R. 4092". Congressional Budget Office. 20 May 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
  22. "House Committee Unanimously Approves Energy Efficiency for Schools Act". SBC Magazine. May 5, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2014.
  23. "Honors & Awards". ASHRAE. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
  24. "College of Fellows". ASHRAE. Retrieved June 8, 2019.
  25. "ASHRAE Headquarters Renovation". U.S. Green Building Council. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  26. "ashrae.org". Archived from the original on 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
  27. Huppertz, Karen. "Environmental technology nonprofit relocating to Peachtree Corners". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution- Cox Media Group. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
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