Abalgamash

Abalgamash
𒀀𒁀𒀠𒂵𒈦
Abalgamash; 𒀀𒁀𒀠𒂵𒈦
King of Marhashi
	Account of the victories of Rimush, king of Akkad, over Abalgamash, king of Marhashi, and upon Elamite cities. Louvre Museum AO5476.[1][2] In several inscriptions, Rimush described his conquest of Elam and Marhashi far to the east of Sumer, even mentioning victories over troops of Meluhha (probably India).[3][4][5]
Reign	c.2370 BCE

Abalgamash (𒀀𒁀𒀠𒂵𒈦 a-ba-al-ga-masz) was a king of Marhashi ("Parahshum" in Akkadian) circa 2370 BCE, somewhere on the Iranian plateau. He seems to have led the forces of Elam, Marhashi, Kupin, Zahara and Meluhha into a coalition against the Akkadian Empire, invading Khuzestan, which had been occupied by Sargon of Akkad.[6] This led to a direct conflict with Rimush, Sargon's son and successor, who in turn invaded Elam, and victoriously confronted their armies somewhere between Awan and Susa.[6]

Marhashi was located to the east of the Empire of Akkad.

Abalgamash appears in the records of the Rimush, the ruler of the Akkadian Empire at the time, who led victorious campaigns against Elam and Marhashi (Sumerian name for the Akkadian "Parahshum").[3][7] According to the account, troops from the Indus Valley civilization (Meluhha) also participated in the conflict:[3]

"Rimuš, the king of the world, in battle over Abalgamash, king of Parahshum, was victorious. And Zahara[8] and Elam and Gupin and Meluḫḫa within Paraḫšum assembled for battle, but he (Rimush) was victorious and struck down 16,212 men and took 4,216 captives. Further, he captured Ehmahsini, King of Elam, and all the nobles of Elam. Further he captured Sidaga'u the general of Paraḫšum and Sargapi, general of Zahara, in between the cities of Awan and Susa, by the "Middle River". Further a burial mound at the site of the town he heaped up over them. Furthermore, the foundations of Paraḫšum from the country of Elam he tore out, and so Rimuš, king of the world, rules Elam, (as) the god Enlil had shown..."
— Inscription of Rimush (RIME 2.01.02.08).[3][9][10]

The campaign resulted in 16,212 killed on the side of the enemies, and 4,216 prisoners.[6][11] Rimush also came back with an important booty taken from Elam, consisting in 300 minas of gold (about 180 kilograms), 3600 minas of silver, 300 slaves, and vases of diorite and chlorite.[12][6] These events apparently put an end to the influence of Marhashi in Elam.[6]

Abalgamash had a general named Sidgau, who is also known to have been in conflict against Sargon of Akkad, the father of Rimush, when Sargon led his campaign against Elam and Marhashi.[13][6]

It has been argued that both names Abalgamash and Sidgau may be Hurrian.[13]

"Abalgamash, King of Marhashi" (𒀀𒁀𒀠𒂵𒈦 𒈗 𒁀𒊏𒄴𒋧𒆠 Abalgamash Lugal Paraahshum-ki) on one of the Rimush inscriptions (Louvre Museum, AO 5476)

References

"CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.
Frayne, Douglas. Sargonic and Gutian Periods. pp. 55–56.
Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History. Routledge. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-1-134-52062-6.
"CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
Frayne, Douglas. Sargonic and Gutian Periods. pp. 57–58.
Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro; Wicks, Yasmina (2018). The Elamite World. Routledge. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-1-317-32983-1.
Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. p. 449. ISBN 978-1-134-15907-9.
Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 784. ISBN 978-0-415-39485-7.
"CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
Frayne, Douglas. Sargonic and Gutian Periods. pp. 57–58.
Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History. Routledge. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-1-134-52062-6.
Potts, D. T. (2016). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-107-09469-7.
Potts, D. T. (2016). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-107-09469-7.

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[1] "CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu.

[2] Frayne, Douglas. Sargonic and Gutian Periods. pp. 55–56.

[WLH93-3] Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History. Routledge. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-1-134-52062-6.

[4] "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.

[5] Frayne, Douglas. Sargonic and Gutian Periods. pp. 57–58.

[TEW248-6] Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro; Wicks, Yasmina (2018). The Elamite World. Routledge. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-1-317-32983-1.

[7] Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the fall of the Persian Empire. Routledge. p. 449. ISBN 978-1-134-15907-9.

[8] Bryce, Trevor (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 784. ISBN 978-0-415-39485-7.

[9] "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.

[10] Frayne, Douglas. Sargonic and Gutian Periods. pp. 57–58.

[WJH93-11] Hamblin, William J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History. Routledge. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-1-134-52062-6.

[12] Potts, D. T. (2016). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-107-09469-7.

[DTP96-13] Potts, D. T. (2016). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. Cambridge University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-107-09469-7.