Abd al-A'la al-Sabziwari

Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abd al-A'la al-Musawi al-Sabziwari (Persian: عبدالأعلى موسوى سبزواراى; Arabic: عبد الأعلى الموسوي السبزواري; December 21, 1910 – August 16, 1993) was an Iranian-Iraqi Shia marja'.[1][2][3][4][5] He is regarded as one of the most influential grand religious authorities and he was a contemporary of Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei.

Grand Ayatollah Sayyid
Abd al-A'la al-Sabziwari
السيد عبد الأعلى الموسوي السبزواري
Personal
Born(1910-12-21)December 21, 1910
Sabzevar, Sublime State of Persia
(present-day Sabzevar, Iran)
DiedAugust 16, 1993(1993-08-16) (aged 82)
Najaf, Ba'athist Iraq
Resting placeal-Sabziwari Mosque
ReligionIslam
NationalityIranian
Iraqi
Children
  • Muhammad
  • Ali
  • Hussain
JurisprudenceTwelver Shia Islam
RelativesMohammed Kadhim al-Modarresi (brother-in-law)
Muslim leader
Based inNajaf, Iraq
Period in office1992–1993
PredecessorAbu al-Qasim al-Khoei, Ruhollah Khomeini
SuccessorAli al-Sistani,Mohammad Fazel Lankarani

He was briefly the head of the Najaf seminary after the death of al-Khoei in 1992. After al-Sabzawari's death in 1993, there was competition between Ali al-Sistani and a few other senior jurists, to lead the seminary. It was after the fall of the Ba'athist regime, that al-Sistani took exclusive control of the marja'iya.[6][7]

He is dubbed a renewer in Quranic exegesis, and this is seen in his notable book Mawahib al-Rahman.[4]

Lineage

Al-Sabziwari was born to Sayyid Ali Ridha Sabzevari, a senior alim, in Sabzevar. He has an ethnic Arab background on his father's side. Al-Sabziwari's great ancestor was Ibrahim al-Mujab, the grandson of the seventh Shia Imam, Musa al-Kadhim. His lineage is as follows:[8][9][10]

ʿAbd al-Aʿlā bin ʿAli Ridhā bin ʿAbid Ali bin ʿAbd al-Ghani bin Muḥammad bin Ḥusayn bin Muhammad bin ʿAli bin Masʿud bin Ibrahim bin Ḥasan bin Sharaf al-Din bin Murtadhā bin Zayn al-Abideen bin Muḥammad bin Aḥmed bin Aḥmed bin Muḥammad Shams al-Din bin Aḥmed bin Muḥammad bin Abu al-Fatḥ al-Akhras bin Abu Muḥammad bin Ibrahim bin Abu al-Fityān bin ʿAbdallāh bin al-Ḥasan Baraka bin Aḥmed Abu al-Ṭayyib bin Muḥammad al-Ḥaʾiri bin Ibrahim al-Mujāb bin Muḥammad al-ʿAābid bin Musa al-Kāthim bin Jaʿfar as-Sādiq bin Muḥammad al-Bāqir bin ʿAli al-Sajjad bin Ḥusayn al-Shahid bin ʿAli Ibna Abi Talib.

Religious Education

1914-1923: Sabzevar

Al-Sabziwari began his primary education in Islamic studies and Arabic at a very young age in his birthplace. He studied jurisprudence and principles of jurisprudence under his father and his second cousin once removed, Sayyid Abdallah Sabzevari, also known as al-Burhan.[11]

1924-1932: Mashhad

In 1924, he travelled to Mashhad and studied under senior clerics such as Sheikh Hasanali al-Isfahani, Mirza Adib Nishaburi, Mirza Askar Shahidi, Sayyid Muhammad al-Lawasani al-Assar and Sheikh Ali Akbar al-Nahawandi. He remained in Mashhad for eight years.[3]

1932-1946: Najaf

In 1932, he decided to go to Najaf to complete his advanced education in jurisprudence, principles of jurisprudence, philosophy, exegesis and other Islamic sciences. However, he decided to walk the distance from Mashhad, and this took him just over a month.[12] In Najaf, he attended the classes run by great religious authorities such as Sheikh Muhammad-Hussain al-Na'ini, Shiekh Dhiya al-Dina al-Iraqi, Sheikh Muhammad-Hussain al-Gharawi al-Isfahani and Sayyid Abu al-Hasan al-Isfahani.[13]

He arranged to be taught by Sheikh Muhammad-Jawad al-Balaghi a year before he passed away, and participated in his Quranic exegesis classes. This helped him with exegesis, debating and theology. He studied philosophy and gnosis under Sayyid Hussain Badkubeyi and Sayyid Ali al-Qadhi.[3]

He gained the level of ijtihad at the age of 36, from prominent scholars including Sheikh Abdallah al-Mamaqani and Sheikh Abbas al-Qumi. By 1946, he was teaching an advanced level of jurisprudence and principles of jurisprudence.

Political Stand

Al-Sabziwari was an avid supporter of the people of Iraq and was the only marja' who issued a fatwa in support of the 1991 uprising, which began with the quranic verse "Permission [to fight] has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, Allah is competent to give them victory." [22:39], disregarding the inevitable consequences.

He took stands against the Ba'athist regime and rarely compromised. His house was besieged several times by regime forces, who later placed several restrictions on him.[14]

Family

Al-Sazbiwari was married to the daughter of Ayatollah Muhammad-Jawad al-Modarresi, and had three sons (Muhammad, Ali and Hussain) and one daughter.[15]

Muhammad died in a car accident, between Tehran and Qom in April, 1994, aged 48. Ali is a senior cleric that resides in Najaf, and is a teacher at the seminary of Najaf. Hussain is also a cleric who resides in Mashhad and teaches in its seminary. Al-Sabziwari's wife is the paternal aunt of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad-Taqi al-Modarresi.[16]

Death

Al-Sabziwari died in the late hours of Monday, August 16, 1993, in Najaf. According to London-based researcher, Dr. Sahib al-Hakim, al-Sabziwari was killed by poisoning at the hands of the Ba'athist regime.[14][17]

Due to the Bathist restrictions, al-Sabziwari's funeral was only attended by his family, and he was buried in the mosque that he taught in, which is known today as al-Sabziwari Mosque, in the al-Huwaysh mahala in Najaf.[18]

Works

Al-Sabziwari wrote on various topics, mostly involving Islamic jurisprudence and philosophy. His works include:

  • Mawahib al-Rahman Fi Tafsir al-Qur'an (Talents of the Merciful in the Exegesis of the Quran)[19]: 30 volumes (only 12 volumes have yet been published). It is reported that al-Sabziwari, once saw Muhammad in his dream, and he gave him a Quran, and said "Here, take the talents of the merciful". In response, al-Sabziwari decided to use those words as part of the title of his book.[20]
  • Muhadhab al-Ahkam Fi Bayan al-Halal wa al-Haram (Rectified Laws in what is Allowed and Forbidden): 30 volumes
  • Tahthib al-Usul (Rectifying the Principles of Jurisprudence): 2 volumes
  • Lubab al-Ma'arif: 2 volumes
  • Ifadat al-Bari Fi Naqd Ma Allafahu al-Hakim al-Sabziwari
  • Rafd al-Fudul 'Aan 'Ilm al-Usul
  • Minhaj al-Salihin
  • Manasik al-Hajj
  • Risalaye Tawdhihe Masa'el

References
  1. Najib, Muhammad (2002). Jamal al-Salikeen al-Alim al-Rabani al-Sayyid Abdul A'la al-Sabzewari [The Beauty of the Path, The Divine Scholar Sayyid Abd al-A'la al-Sabziwari] (in Arabic). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Mahaja al-Beydha.
  2. "al-Sira al-Thatiya Ayatollah al-Udhma al-Sayyid Abdul Ala al-Musawi al-Sabzawari (qudis siruh) (1328 AH-1414 AH)" [Biography of Ayatollah Sabziwari (1911-1993)]. Buratha News Outlet (in Arabic). 2008-03-08. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  3. Abu S'eeda al-Musawi, Husayn (2004). al-Mashjar al-Waafi [The Loyal Tree]. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Mu'asasat al-Balagh. pp. 637–38.
  4. al-Ansari, Muhammad-Hussain. Jathwa Muqtabisa Min Hayat al-Marja al-Sabziwari [A Lead Flame from the Life of al-Marja al-Sabziwari]. Najaf, Iraq.
  5. al-Najaf al-Ashraf: Ishamat Fi al-Hadhara al-Insaniya [Holy Najaf: A Contributor to Human Civilisation] (in Arabic). Karbala, Iraq: Markaz Karbala Lil Buhuth Wal Dirasa. 2000.
  6. "The Post Sistani and Khamenei Period". International Institute for Iranian Studies (in Arabic). 2020-01-01. Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  7. al-Qazwini, Jawdat K. (1997). The religious establishment in Ithna'ashari Shi'ism: A study in scholarly and political development (PDF) (Thesis). SOAS University of London. p. 220.
  8. al-Aridhi, Walid (2011). Ghayat al-Ikhtisar Fi Ansab al-Sada al-Atthar [Extremely Brief Lineage of The Pure Sayyids] (in Arabic). Baghdad, Iraq: Matba'at al-Noor. p. 192.
  9. al-Tehrani, Agha Buzurg. al-Thari'a Ila Tasaneef al-Shia. Vol. 2. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Adhwa. p. 471.
  10. al-Madani, Dhamin bin Shadqam. Tuhfat al-Azhar Wa Zulal al-Anhar Fi Nasab al-A'imah al-Athar [Vase of Flowers and Heavenly Rivers of The Lineages of The Imams] (in Arabic). Vol. 3. pp. 296–303.
  11. Abu S'eeda al-Musawi, Husayn (2004). al-Mashjar al-Waafi [The Loyal Tree]. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Mu'asasat al-Balagh. p. 463.
  12. al-Muhtadi, Abd al-Atheem (2009). Qusas Wa Khawatir - Min Akhlaqiyat 'Ulama' al-Din [Stories and Memories - From the Manners of the Scholars]. Beirut, Lebanon: Mu'asasat al-Balagh. p. 140.
  13. al-Ansari, Muhammad-Hussain. Jathwa Muqtabisa Min Hayat al-Marja al-Sabziwari [A Lead Flame from the Life of al-Marja al-Sabziwari]. Najaf, Iraq. p. 15.
  14. al-Hakim, Dr. Sahib J. (2006). Mosoo'a 'An Qatl Wa Idhtihad Maraji' al-Din Wa 'Ulama Wa Tulab al-Hawza al-Diniya Fi Balad al Maqabir al-Jama'iya (1968 - 2003) [Encyclopedia on the Killing and Torture of Relglious Shi'a Leaders and Students of the Islamic Schools in The Country of Mass Graves - Iraq (1968 - 2003)]. Vol. 1. London, UK.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. al-Muhtadi, Abd al-Atheem (2009). Qusas Wa Khawatir - Min Akhlaqiyat 'Ulama' al-Din [Stories and Memories - From the Manners of the Scholars]. Beirut, Lebanon: Mu'asasat al-Balagh. p. 579.
  16. Abu S'eeda al-Musawi, Husayn (2004). al-Mashjar al-Waafi [The Loyal Tree]. Vol. 1. Beirut, Lebanon: Mu'asasat al-Balagh. p. 630.
  17. al-Ansari, Muhammad-Hussain. Jathwa Muqtabisa Min Hayat al-Marja al-Sabziwari [A Lead Flame from the Life of al-Marja al-Sabziwari]. Najaf, Iraq. p. 26.
  18. "Bil Suwar.. Masjid al-Sabziwari Fi al-Najaf al-Ashraf Bi al-Iraq" [In Images.. al-Sibzawari Mosque in Najaf in Iraq]. Al Alam TV (in Arabic). Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  19. Adel, Gholamali Haddad; Elmi, Mohammad Jafar; Taromi-Rad, Hassan (2012-08-31). Hawza-yi 'Ilmiyya, Shi'i Teaching Institution: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. EWI Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-908433-06-0.
  20. al-Ansari, Muhammad-Hussain. Jathwa Muqtabisa Min Hayat al-Marja al-Sabziwari [A Lead Flame from the Life of al-Marja al-Sabziwari]. Najaf, Iraq. p. 21.
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