Abyssocladia

Abyssocladia is a genus of the family Cladorhizidae, a family of carnivorous sponges. It is made up of at least 39 species found in oceans all over the world.

Abyssocladia
Two undescribed species of Abyssocladia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
Order: Poecilosclerida
Family: Cladorhizidae
Genus: Abyssocladia
Lévi, 1964

Description

This genus is characterized by its unique teeth-like structures called abyssochelae, although they are not present in every species. Types of microscleres could also include cleistochelae, arcute chelae, and/or sigmacistras.[1] Their general morphology can be divided into two groups. The first group has a long peduncle and round top. The second group is feather-like with a shorter peduncle.[2] Both groups have straight spicules and are covered in a layer of soft tissue with sticky microstrongyles protruding perpendicularly from the body, used to capture prey.[1] Sizes of these organisms can vary from a few millimeters to several centimeters tall and just a few millimeters wide. Their thin skeleton and soft tissue can make these sponges very fragile.[3]

Feeding

Most carnivorous sponges lack an aquiferous system, meaning they cannot filter water to get their food. Instead, they have hook-like microscleres to capture prey, like small crustaceans.[4] These structures entangle prey and amoebocytes in the sponge surround the prey, bringing it inside to be consumed. Digestion of its prey can take up to several days.[1] This unusual process of feeding was likely adapted because it is easier for the organism to get more nutrients in one meal as compared to filter feeding in the deep sea.

Distribution

In the deep sea, resources are sparse, so organisms tend to have clustered distribution. These carnivorous sponges are usually found around nutrient hot spots like seamounts, and oceanic ridges.[5] While most species in abyssocladia have been found at depths over 3000 meters, a few have been found in shallower waters around 1000m.[6] One species, A. antarctica, was found at 220 m, in the Weddel Sea off the coast of Antarctica.[7] In addition to the Weddel Sea, Abyssocladia have been found in many ocean basins all over the world, including the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans.

Species

About 39 species are currently recognized:[8]

  • Abyssocladia annae Ekins, Erpenbeck & Hooper, 2020
  • Abyssocladia antarctica Buskowiak & Janussen, 2021
  • Abyssocladia atlantica Lopes & Hajdu, 2014
  • Abyssocladia boletiphora Hestetun, Rapp & Xavier, 2017
  • Abyssocladia bruuni Lévi, 1964
  • Abyssocladia carcharias Kelly & Vacelet, 2011
  • Abyssocladia claviformis Koltun, 1970
  • Abyssocladia corniculiphora Hestetun, Rapp & Xavier, 2017
  • Abyssocladia desmophora Hooper & Lévi, 1989
  • Abyssocladia diegoramirezensis Lopes, Bravo & Hajdu, 2011
  • Abyssocladia dominalba Vacelet, 2006
  • Abyssocladia escheri Ekins, Erpenbeck & Hooper, 2020
  • Abyssocladia faranauti Hestetun, Fourt, Vacelet, Boury-Esnault & Rapp, 2015
  • Abyssocladia flagrum Lehnert, Stone & Heimler, 2006
  • Abyssocladia fryerae Hestetun, Rapp & Pomponi, 2019
  • Abyssocladia gliscofila Ekins, Erpenbeck & Hooper, 2020
  • Abyssocladia hemiradiata Hestetun, Rapp & Xavier, 2017
  • Abyssocladia huitzilopochtli Vacelet, 2006
  • Abyssocladia inflata Vacelet, 2006
  • Abyssocladia kanaconi Vacelet, 2020
  • Abyssocladia kellyae Hestetun, Rapp & Pomponi, 2019
  • Abyssocladia koltuni Ereskovsky & Willenz, 2007
  • Abyssocladia lakwollii Vacelet & Kelly, 2014
  • Abyssocladia leverhulmei Goodwin, Berman, Downey & Hendry, 2017
  • Abyssocladia marianensis Hestetun, Rapp & Pomponi, 2019
  • Abyssocladia microstrongylata Vacelet, 2020
  • Abyssocladia mucronata Vacelet, 2020
  • Abyssocladia myojinensis Ise & Vacelet, 2010
  • Abyssocladia natsushimae Ise & Vacelet, 2010
  • Abyssocladia naudur Vacelet, 2006
  • Abyssocladia oxeata Koltun, 1970
  • Abyssocladia oxyasters Ekins, Erpenbeck, Goudie & Hooper, 2020
  • Abyssocladia polycephalus Hestetun, Pomponi & Rapp, 2016
  • Abyssocladia stegosaurensis Hestetun, Rapp & Pomponi, 2019
  • Abyssocladia symmetrica Ridley & Dendy, 1886
  • Abyssocladia tecta Hestetun, Fourt, Vacelet, Boury-Esnault & Rapp, 2015
  • Abyssocladia umbellata Lopes, Bravo & Hajdu, 2011
  • Abyssocladia vaceleti Ríos & Cristobo, 2018
  • Abyssocladia villosa Hestetun, Rapp & Pomponi, 2019

References
  1. Hestetun, Jon Thomassen; Vacelet, Jean; Boury-Esnault, Nicole; Borchiellini, Carole; Kelly, Michelle; Ríos, Pilar; Cristobo, Javier; Rapp, Hans Tore (2016-01-01). "The systematics of carnivorous sponges". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94 (Pt A): 327–345. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.022. hdl:1956/15241. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 26416707.
  2. Ise, Yuji; Vacelet, Jean (November 2010). "New Carnivorous Sponges of the Genus Abyssocladia (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Cladorhizidae) from Myojin Knoll, Izu-Ogasawara Arc, Southern Japan". Zoological Science. 27 (11): 888–894. doi:10.2108/zsj.27.888. ISSN 0289-0003. PMID 21039129. S2CID 10642662.
  3. Vacelet, Jean (2005). "New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 148 (4): 553–584. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00234.x.
  4. Vacelet, Jean (2006). "New carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) collected from manned submersibles in the deep Pacific". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 148 (4): 553–584. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00234.x.
  5. Hestetun, Jon Thomassen; Rapp, Hans Tore; Xavier, Joana (2017-03-01). "Carnivorous sponges (Porifera, Cladorhizidae) from the Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge seamounts". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. Advances in deep-sea biology: biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and conservation. 137: 166–189. Bibcode:2017DSRII.137..166H. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.03.004. ISSN 0967-0645.
  6. Hestetun, Jon T.; Pomponi, Shirley A.; Rapp, Hans Tore (2016-10-18). "The cladorhizid fauna (Porifera, Poecilosclerida) of the Caribbean and adjacent waters". Zootaxa. 4175 (6): 521–538–521–538. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4175.6.2. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27811738.
  7. Buskowiak, Daniel; Janussen, Dorte (2021-01-12). "An exceptional occurrence of deep-sea sponges in the region of former Larsen Ice Shelves, Antarctic Peninsula, with the description of two new species". Marine Biodiversity. 51 (1): 8. doi:10.1007/s12526-020-01134-z. ISSN 1867-1624. S2CID 231589756.
  8. de Voogd, N.J.; Alvarez, B.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Carballo, J.L.; Cárdenas, P.; Díaz, M.-C.; Dohrmann, M.; Downey, R.; Hajdu, E.; Hooper, J.N.A.; Kelly, M.; Klautau, M.; Manconi, R.; Morrow, C.C. Pisera, A.B.; Ríos, P.; Rützler, K.; Schönberg, C.; Vacelet, J.; van Soest, R.W.M. (2022). "World Porifera Database. Abyssocladia Lévi, 1964". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 29 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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