Acacia saligna

Acacia saligna, commonly known by various names including coojong, golden wreath wattle, orange wattle, blue-leafed wattle, Western Australian golden wattle, and, in Africa, Port Jackson willow, is a small tree in the family Fabaceae. Native to Australia, it is widely distributed throughout the south west corner of Western Australia, extending north as far as the Murchison River, and east to Israelite Bay. The Noongar peoples know the tree as Cujong.[3]

Coojong
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Acacia
Species:
A. saligna
Binomial name
Acacia saligna
Australian occurrence data from AVH
Synonyms

Acacia cyanophylla Lindley

Description
Flowers and leaves

Acacia saligna grows as a small, dense, spreading tree with a short trunk and a weeping habit. It grows up to eight metres tall. Like many Acacia species, it has phyllodes rather than true leaves; these can be up to 25 centimetres long. At the base of each phyllode is a nectary gland, which secretes a sugary fluid. This attracts ants, which are believed to reduce the numbers of leaf-eating insects. The yellow flowers appear in late winter and early spring, in groups of up to ten bright yellow spherical flower heads. The fruit is a legume, while the seed is oblong and dark to black in colour.[4]

A natural colonizer, Coojong tends to grow wherever soil has been disturbed, such as alongside new roads. Its seeds are distributed by ants, which store them in their nests to eat the seed-stalks. Disturbance of the soil brings them to the surface and allows them to germinate. Seeds germinate readily, and hundreds of seedlings can sometimes be found beneath a single parent tree. It is also extremely vigorous when young, often growing over a metre per year.

Uses

Acacia saligna can be used for multiple purposes, as it grows under a wide range of soil conditions into a woody shrub or tree. It has been used for tanning, revegetation, animal fodder, mine site rehabilitation, firewood, mulch, agroforestry and as a decorative plant.[5]

Acacia saligna has been planted extensively in semi-arid areas of Africa, South America and the Middle East as windbreaks and for stabilisation of sand dunes or erosion.

Invasive potential
Acacia saligna GBIF.org: occurrence data[6]

Acacia saligna has become an invasive species outside its natural range due to the following contributing factors:[4]

  • Widespread planting outside its native area
  • Rapid growth in soil with low levels of nutrients
  • Early reproductive maturity
  • Large quantity of seeds produced
  • Ability of seeds to survive fire
  • Ability to germinate after cutting or burning
  • Tolerance to many different substrates
  • Nitrogen fixation
  • Extensive root system
  • Taller growth (by more than 3 m in some places) than indigenous plants

It was planted in the northern suburbs of Sydney in the 1950s by well-meaning native plant enthusiasts, and has subsequently become a major weed in eastern New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia.[7]

Since 2019, the species is included on the list of invasive alien species of Union Concern.[8] This means that the species can no longer be imported in the European Union. Additionally, it has become illegal to plant it, breed it, transport it, or bring it into the wild.[9]

Environmental impact in South Africa
See also: Invasive plants of Australian origin

In South Africa, it proliferated at an uncontrollable rate, having been introduced in the nineteenth century to produce tan bark and to stabilise the sands of the Cape Flats outside Cape Town after the indigenous bush had largely been cut down for firewood. In addition to replacing indigenous fynbos vegetation, it also hampers agriculture.[10] It is listed as an invasive alien plant in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, where it has displaced native species through changing fire regimes.[11] The introduction of the acacia gall rust fungus, (Uromycladium tepperianum), has proven to be highly effective at reining it in, reducing density by 80%.[10] The acacia seed weevil (Melanterius species) was introduced in 2001 and has now (in 2007) reached the stage where there are sufficient numbers available to begin its distribution.

See also

References
  1. "Acacia saligna". Australian Plant Name Index, IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
  2. Wendland, H.L. (1820) Commentatio de Acaciis aphyllis: 4, 26.
  3. "Noongar names for plants". kippleonline.net. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  4. Quentin C. B. Cronk; Janice L. Fuller (1995). Plant Invaders: The Threat to Natural Ecosystems. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Springer. ISBN 978-0-412-48380-6.
  5. "FloraBase: Acacia saligna". Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia). Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  6. Acacia saligna GBIF.org (1 March 2019) GBIF Occurrence Download doi:10.15468/dl.vqssco
  7. "Jumping the Garden Fence: Invasive Garden Plants in Australia". WWF. 7 March 2005. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  8. "Union List of invasive alien species". June 2021. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017.
  9. "EU Regulation on IAS". June 2021. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015.
  10. Judith H. Myers; Dawn Bazely (2003). Ecology and Control of Introduced Plants. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35778-4. Retrieved 26 December 2008.
  11. "Acacia saligna (Port Jackson willow) – Management and Control" (PDF). Invasive Species Specialist Group. September 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2011.

10 Kheloufi A., Mansouri L.M., Boukhatem Z.F. (2017). Application and use of sulfuric acid to improve seed germination of three acacia species, Reforesta, 3:1-10.

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