Levant sparrowhawk

The Levant sparrowhawk (Accipiter brevipes) is a small bird of prey. It measures 32–38 cm (13–15 in) in length with a wingspan of 65–75 cm (26–30 in). The female is larger than the male, but the difference is not as marked as with Eurasian sparrowhawk. The adult male is blue-grey above, with dark wingtips, and barred reddish below.

Levant sparrowhawk
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Class: Aves
Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Genus: Accipiter
Species:
A. brevipes
Binomial name
Accipiter brevipes
(Severtzov, 1850)
Range of A. brevipes
  Breeding
  Non-breeding
  Passage

The adult female is slate-grey above with darkish wingtips. She is barred reddish brown below, and may show a dark throat line. The juvenile is dark brown above and has dark-streaked underparts. It shows a dark throat line. It breeds in forests from Greece and the Balkans east to southern Russia. It is migratory, wintering from Egypt across to southwestern Iran. It will migrate in large flocks, unlike the more widespread Eurasian sparrowhawk.

The Levant sparrowhawk nests in trees, building a new nest, lined with green leaves, each year. The normal clutch is 3–5 eggs. It hunts small birds, insects, rodents, and lizards in woodland or semi-desert areas, relying on surprise as it flies from a perch to catch its prey unaware.

This bird is a small raptor with short broad wings and a longish tail, both adaptations to manoeuvring through trees. It is similar to the Eurasian sparrowhawk, but its shorter tail and more pointed wings give it a more falcon-like appearance.

The flight of this hawk is a characteristic flap – flap – glide.

The call is a sharp kee-wick.

Taxonomy

First described by Nikolai Alekseevich Severtzov in 1850, the Levant sparrowhawk is a small bird of prey in the genus Accipiter.[2] It is sometimes considered to be a subspecies of the shikra, though it differs in measurements, proportions and plumage, and breeds contiguously with the latter (typically considered a reliable indicator of speciation) over at least part of its range. Along with the shikra, the Chinese sparrowhawk and the Nicobar sparrowhawk, it makes up a complex species group.[3] It is known to have hybridised with the shikra and the Eurasian sparrowhawk.[4] Despite its extensive range, it has no subspecies.[5]

The genus name Accipiter is a Latin word meaning "hawk" (from the Latin word accipere, meaning "to grasp").[6] The species name brevipes is a combination of the Latin words brevis, meaning "short" and pes, meaning "foot"; this is a reference to the bird's short toes.[5]

Description

The Levant sparrowhawk is small for a raptor, measuring 32–38 cm (13–15 in) in length with a wingspan of 65–75 cm (26–30 in).[7] As with all raptors, the female is larger than the male.[8] The adult male is blue-grey above and pale below, with underparts and leg feathers finely barred in rufous and white. His head is blue-grey as well, with a white throat bisected by a dark central stripe (sometimes quite faint). The female is similar, though her plumage is generally a darker brownish-grey. Both sexes have orangish-yellow legs and a yellow cere.[2]

Behaviour

Breeding
Accipiter brevipes - MHNT

The Levant sparrowhawk breeds from mid-May through August.[3] The pair is territorial while breeding, often performing high-circling aerial displays.[3][9] The female is thought to make the nest.[10] She builds a new one every year, a small structure of twigs on a branch or in a fork of a broad-leaved tree.[3][11] The nest tree is often near running water, typically in open woodland, on a forest edge, or in an isolated clump of trees. The nest, which measures up to 30 cm (12 in) across and 15 cm (5.9 in) deep, is lined with green leaves. Most nests are located between 5–10 m (16–33 ft) above the ground, but they have been found as low as 4 m (13 ft) and as high as 20 m (66 ft).[3]

The female lays a clutch of 2–5 eggs which she alone incubates for 30–35 days.[10][12] Hatching is asynchronous. Nestlings fledge some 40–45 days after hatching, and are independent about 15 days later.[3]

Flight and migration

Though able to flap continually (like most birds), Levant sparrowhawks typically use soaring-and-gliding flight while migrating; they also use thermals when those are available,[13] and are known to occasionally hover.[14]

Population

In Armenia the population of Levant Sparrowhawks is estimated as 180–220 breeding pairs.[12]

Conservation and threats

Because of its vast range and stable population, the Levant Sparrowhawk is listed as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The development of wind farms may affect its numbers.[1]

References

Citations
  1. BirdLife International (2018). "Accipiter brevipes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22695499A131936047. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22695499A131936047.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. Clark and Schmitt (1999), p. 126.
  3. Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001), p. 531.
  4. McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006). Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-19-518323-8.
  5. Clark and Schmitt (1999), p. 130.
  6. Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Names. London, UK: Christopher Helm. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. Beaman and Madge (1998), p. 193.
  8. Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001), p. 529.
  9. Clark and Schmitt (1999), p. 128.
  10. Perrins, Christopher M. (1987). New Generation Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe. Austin, TX, US: University of Texas Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780292755321.
  11. Wimberger, Peter M. (July 1984). "The Use of Green Plant Material in Bird Nests to Avoid Ectoparasites" (PDF). The Auk. 101 (3): 615–618. doi:10.1093/auk/101.3.615.
  12. "The State of Levant Sparrowhawks in Armenia". Armenian Bird Census Council. TSE NGO. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  13. Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001), p. 45.
  14. Ferguson-Lees and Christie (2001), p. 64.

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