Acharanga Sutra

The Acharanga Sutra (IAST: Ācārāṅga Sūtra; First book c. 5th–4th century BCE; Second book c. Late 4th–2nd century BCE)[1] is the first of the twelve Angas, part of the agamas (religious texts) which were compiled based on the teachings of 24th Jina Mahavira.

Acharanga Sutra
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The existing text of the Acharanga Sutra which is used by the Svetambara sect of Jainism was recompiled and edited by KshamaShraman Devardhigani, who headed the council held at Valabhi c. 454 CE. The Digambaras do not recognize the available text, and regard the original text as having been lost in its original form. The Digambara text, Mulachara is said to be derived from the original Acharanga and discusses the conduct of a Digambara monk.

Introduction

The Acharanga Sutra is the oldest agam, from a linguistic point of view, written in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit. The Sutra contains two books, or Srutaskandhas. The first book is the older part, to which other treatises were later added. It describes the conduct and behavior of ascetic life: the mode of asking for food, bowl, clothes, conduct while walking and speaking and regulation of possessions by ascetics. It also describes the penance of Mahavira, the Great Hero.

The second book is divided into four sections called Kulas. There were originally five Kûlâs, but the fifth, the Nisîhiyagghana, is now reckoned as a separate work. The first and second parts lay down rules for conduct of ascetics.

The Ācārāṅga has been described in details in Samavāyāṅga and the Nandῑ. According to them, the main studies of the Ācārāṅga are 'Ācāra gocara' i.e. code of conduct, vinaya (humility), vaināyika (fruition of humility), sthāna (difference postures), gamana (travelling), cankramaṇa (movements), bhojana-mātra (quantity of food intake), svādhyāya (spiritual studies), bhāṣā samiti (principles of speech), gupti (restraint or of mind, speech and body), sayyā (place of stay), upādhῑ (belongings) etc. The Ācārāṅga recommends purity of all these aspects. Acharya Umāsvati has briefly dealt with the subject matter of the nine chapters of the Ācārāṅga. They are:

  1. Ṣaḍjῑvanikāya yatanā – self-restraint in respect of the six kinds of living beings.
  2. Abandoning of ego over worldly things.
  3. Conquest over trials and tribulations of life.
  4. Unshakable perception about righteousness.
  5. Detachment towards worldly affairs.
  6. The process to decay or destroy the karmas.
  7. Service towards elders.
  8. Penance and austerities.
  9. Renunciation of attachment to sexual objects

Acharanga sutra quotes:[2]

I so pronounce that all the omniscients of all times, state, speak, propagate, and elaborate that nothing which breathes, which exists, which lives, or which has essence or potential of life, should be destroyed or ruled over, or subjugated, or harmed, or denied of its essence or potential.

This truth, propagated by the self-knowing omniscients, after understanding all there is in universe, is pure, undefileable, and eternal.

In support of this Truth, I ask you a question – "Is sorrow or pain desirable to you ?" If you say "yes it is", it would be a lie. If you say, "No, It is not" you will be expressing the truth. What I want to add to the truth expressed by you is that, as sorrow or pain is not desirable to you, so it is to all which breath, exist, live or have any essence of life. To you and all, it is undesirable, and painful, and repugnant.

That which you consider worth destroying is (like) yourself. That which you consider worth disciplining is (like) yourself. That which you consider worth subjugating is (like) yourself. That which you consider worth killing is (like) yourself.

The result of actions by you has to be borne by you, so do not destroy anything.

Monasticism

Acharanga Sutra describes lack of clothes as being in full conformity with Jain doctrine (AS 1.6.2.3).[3] Another passage in the Acharanga refers to the difficulties experienced by naked monk and also to the fact that he does not need to beg for and repair clothes (AS 1.6.3.1–2).[3]

Commentaries

Following are the commentaries on the Sutra:[4]

  • Tîkâ of Silanka, also called Tattvâditya, said to have been finished in the 876 CE, with the help of Vâhari Sâdhu.
  • Dîpikâ of Jinahamsa Sûri, a teacher of the Brihat Kharatara Gakkha.
  • Pârsvakandra's Bâlâvabodha, generally closely follows the explanation of the older commentaries, more especially that of the Dîpikâ.

Footnotes
  1. Jain 1998, p. 4.
  2. Surendra Bothra, Ahimsa – the science of peace
  3. Dundas 2002, p. 47.
  4. Jacobi, Hermann, Acaranga Sutra, The Jaina Sutras, (1884)

References
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
  • Ācārya, Tulsi; Ācārya, Mahāprajña (2001), Acharanga-bhasyam: English Translation of the Original Text of Ayaro Together with Its Roman Transliteration and Bhasyam (Sanskrit Commentary), Jain Vishwa Bharati
  • Jain, Sagarmal (1998). "Jain Literature [From earliest time to c. 10th A.D.]". Aspects of Jainology: Volume VI.
  • Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
  • Jacobi, Herman (1884), Friedrich Max Müller (ed.), The Sacred Books of the East: Gaina Sutras, pt. 1, Clarendon Press
  • Illustrated SRI ACARANGA SUTRA (2 volumes), Ed. by Pravartaka Amar Muni, Shrichand Surana Saras, Eng. tr. by Surendra Bothra, Prakrit Gatha — Hindi exposition — English exposition and Appendices
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