Active placebo
An active placebo is a placebo that produces noticeable side effects that may convince the person being treated that they are receiving a legitimate treatment, rather than an ineffective placebo.
Nomenclature
According to a 1965 paper,[1] the term "concealed placebo" (German: Kaschiertes Placebo) was suggested in a 1959 paper published in German.[2]
Example
An example of an active placebo is the 1964 work of Shader and colleagues who used a combination of low-dose phenobarbital plus atropine to mimic the sedation and dry mouth produced by phenothiazines.
Morphine and gabapentin are painkillers with the common side effects of sleepiness and dizziness. In a 2005 study assessing the effects of these painkillers on neuropathic pain, lorazepam was chosen as an active placebo because it is not a painkiller but it does cause sleepiness and can cause dizziness.[3]
Testing from the late 1950s onwards on narcotic analgesics like morphine also has used dicyclomine as an active placebo, and on some occasions it was reported to cause the Straub mouse tail reaction, as do most narcotics. Clonidine is now finding more use as an active placebo for narcotics.
References
- Park LC, Covi U (April 1965). "Nonblind placebo trial: an exploration of neurotic patients' responses to placebo when its inert content is disclosed" (PDF). Archives of General Psychiatry. 12: 336–45. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720340008002. PMID 14258363. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2010-01-02.
- Haas H, Fink H, Haertfelder G (1959). "Das Placeboproblem" [[The placebo problem]]. Fortschr Arzneimittelforsch (in German). 1: 279–454. PMID 13710190.
- Gilron I, Bailey JM, Tu D, Holden RR, Weaver DF, Houlden RL (March 31, 2005). "Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic pain". N Engl J Med. 352 (13): 1324–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042580. PMID 15800228.
- Shader, R. I.; Cohler, J.; Elashoff, R.; Grinspoon, L. (October 1964). "Phenobarbital and atropine in combination, an active control substance for phenothiazine research". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2 (3): 169–183. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(64)90018-4. PMID 14242375. Retrieved 7 September 2020.