Adán Medrano Rodríguez

Medrano was born on 24 December 1969. According to his Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) profile, he is 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m), weighed 140 lb (64 kg), and has brown hair and eyes. Medrano's birthplace and nationality are "unknown". The profile included his Social Security number, and described him as a Hispanic of medium build and complexion and "armed and dangerous".[1]

Medrano joined the Gulf Cartel during the 1990s when Juan García Ábrego was in power. After García Ábrego was arrested in 1996, the cartel experienced internal strife as several factions and leaders vied for control. Medrano was part of a faction which fought other groups headed by cartel leaders Ángel Salvador Gómez Herrera ("El Chava"), Gilberto García Mena ("El June"), and Hugo Baldomero Medina Garza ("El Señor de los Tráilers") for control of the drug corridors in a region in Tamaulipas known as La Frontera Chica. Control of the cartel solidified under Osiel Cárdenas Guillén in 1998[2] and Medrano began working for him.[3] Medrano and Cárdenas met when they worked for the Federal Judicial Police (PJF) in Tamaulipas.[4] Under Cárdenas, Medrano reported to Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez ("El Coss") and Víctor Manuel Vázquez Mireles ("El Meme"). Based in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, he was part of groups known as Sierras and Tangos. Their members used aliases and codes to ensure anonymity.[lower-alpha 1][3] His roles in the cartel were managing death orders from Cárdenas and overseeing drug distribution from Matamoros.[5] He also coordinated cash shipments of drug proceeds from the U.S. to Mexico,[6] and verified the quality and amount of narcotics received from Guatemala to Chiapas, from where it was later sent to northern Mexico.[7]

On 9 November 1999,[8] Medrano and several associates, including Cárdenas, threatened two U.S. agents at gunpoint in Matamoros.[9][10] The agents, who had traveled there with an informant to gather intelligence on the cartel's operations, were intercepted by the Gulf Cartel. Although Cárdenas threatened to kill the agents and informant during the standoff, after a heated discussion they were allowed to return to the U.S. unharmed.[11] The incident led to increased law-enforcement efforts against the Gulf Cartel's leadership.[12] On 14 March 2000, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas (S.D. Tex.) in Brownsville filed a sealed indictment against Medrano for multiple marijuana and cocaine trafficking offenses, a money laundering scheme, and for assaulting the two agents.[13] On 14 December 2000, the U.S. State Department announced a US$2 million bounty for Medrano, Cárdenas and José Manuel Garza Rendón ("La Brocha"), and unsealed the March indictment.[14][15] On 9 April 2002, Medrano was charged again by the S.D. Tex. in a superseding indictment.[13] The U.S. had an open extradition request, based on the Brownsville indictments.[16] In Mexico, Medrano was wanted for drug trafficking, illegal possession of firearms, attempted homicide and organized-crime involvement.[16] His arrest warrant was issued on 18 May 2000 by Judge Olga Sánchez Contreras of a Mexico City court.[17][18]

Medrano was promoted to second-in-command in the cartel after the April 2001 arrest of García Mena.[19][20] He took over drug trafficking in the state of Veracruz, where the cartel bought drug shipments from Colombian drug cartels for distribution.[21] After Garza Rendón surrendered to U.S. authorities at the Texas border on 5 June 2001,[22] Medrano rose higher in the cartel.[16] On 14 January 2002 the Mexican Army arrested Rubén Sauceda Rivera ("El Cacahuate"), one of Medrano's associates in Matamoros,[23][24] and Medrano became a priority target for the Mexican government. Mario Roldán Quirino of the Attorney General's Office (PGR) headed Medrano's investigation.[25] Mexican security forces worked with U.S. law-enforcement agencies, sharing intelligence to find and apprehend Medrano.[26] Although Roldán visited Matamoros in December 2001 and made significant progress in the investigation,[21][25] he was murdered in Mexico City by reported organized-crime figures on 21 February 2002,[27][28] a few months before Medrano was captured.[25]

After months of being tracked,[29] Medrano was arrested by the Mexican Army and the Federal Investigation Agency (AFI) in Matamoros on 27 March 2002.[20] The arrest occurred in the Buena Vista neighborhood at around 4:00 p.m.;[30][31] he was detained while buying ice cream with his son and wife.[20][30] No shots were fired,[32] and Medrano did not resist arrest. Officials said that the non-violent arrest was a result of successful intelligence-gathering; they learned that he was trying to live an apparently-ordinary life in Matamoros, with few luxuries, to avoid attracting attention.[33] However, rumors began that his arrest may have been a handover by the Gulf Cartel and not the result of law-enforcement intelligence. Authorities denied the allegations, confirming their efforts against Medrano and denying speculation that he surrendered.[30][20] The rumors stemmed from the fact that Medrano was arrested without bodyguards and without any shots fired.[lower-alpha 2][30]

At the scene, authorities discovered that Medrano was driving a Suburban without license plates.[34] He had a special-edition, gold-plated .38 handgun and seven cartridges.[35][36] According to Estuardo Mario Bermúdez Molina, former head of the Special Prosecutor's Office for Crimes against Health (FEADS, an anti-narcotics agency of the PGR), several men tried to bribe police officers to release Medrano and the officers called for reinforcements.[30] Police confirmed that several vehicles followed the police car carrying Medrano, but the followers never shot at the police units. Authorities asked for reinforcements while they traveled in a convoy, forming a barricade to protect Medrano's vehicle.[35] The element of surprise delayed any attempts by the Gulf Cartel to release him. When Medrano was in custody at a military installation, a large group of people asked for him. An official did not confirm if they were part of the Gulf Cartel, saying that they did not try to release him.[30] Authorities confirmed that some informants who provided information leading to Medrano's arrest would receive part of the $2 million bounty;[16] law-enforcement personnel, however, were ineligible for the reward.[34]

During the 2000s, the Mexican government arrested a number of other high-ranking alleged organized-crime figures.[37][38] With Medrano's arrest, Mexican President Vicente Fox indicated a strategy shift from previous administrations against drug cartels by targeting several cartels at a time instead of only one.[39][40] Fox's administration was more successful than those of his predecessors, Ernesto Zedillo and Carlos Salinas de Gortari, in high-profile drug arrests.[41] At a press conference, Bermúdez said that Medrano's arrest dealt a "substantial" blow to the Gulf Cartel.[42][43] Authorities were concerned that arrests like Medrano's would trigger infighting among the Gulf Cartel leadership,[44][45] and speculated that the cartel would experience important executive changes. One leader expected to fill Medrano's position was Gregorio Sauceda Gamboa ("El Caramuela"), who was based in Reynosa, Tamaulipas.[5] Investigators also considered Costilla Sánchez and Vázquez Mireles as possible successors.[5][46]

Medrano was held at a military facility in Matamoros before being transferred to Mexico City for processing.[17] His first hearing was held on 29 March 2002 in front of the judge Alfredo Belmont,[47] and his attorney said that his client would remain silent.[18] In one of his hearings, Medrano told the prosecution he was a legitimate businessman and said that the evidence against him were nonexistent.[48] He asked authorities to immediately release him. The two U.S. agents and their informant, however, testified against Medrano and explained to the prosecution the details of the standoff where Medrano and other Gulf Cartel members threatened them at gunpoint. Medrano's defense claimed that the case against their client did not include information of the death threats against the two U.S. agents or of gun possession.[47]

Medrano was confined at the Reclusorio Oriente, a penitentiary in Mexico City, under the jurisdiction of the district criminal court.[24] Unlike most inmates at the prison, Medrano was under constant supervision.[lower-alpha 3][49] Authorities discussed the possibility of transferring him to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 (formerly known as La Palma),[50] a maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico, because Medrano was considered dangerous.[30] However, the transfer required a ruling by a federal judge.[35] In Reclusorio Oriente, Medrano became close friends with drug lords Luis Eusebio Duque Reyes ("El Duke") and Juan José Quintero Payán.[lower-alpha 4] The alliances worried prison personnel, who believed that they posed a risk to the penitentiary.[51] At Reclusorio Oriente, Medrano and thirty-two other inmates wrote a letter to the government complaining about alleged corruption and abuses in the prison under director Rubén Fernández Lima.[54]

On 6 October 2003, a federal court in the State of Mexico convicted Medrano of illegal possession of firearms.[55] He was sentenced to six years and three months in prison.[56] Medrano also received a minimum-wage sentence of 87 days, meaning he was ordered to pay N$3,677 (US$2,530 in October 2003) in fines. According to the PGR, Medrano had a pending extradition request from the U.S. government for drug-trafficking and assault charges.[57] On 11 May 2006, a federal judge in Toluca, State of Mexico increased his sentence to 44 years.[58][59] Medrano was found guilty of organized-crime involvement, attempted homicide, and illegal possession of firearms.[60] His drug-trafficking charges were pending resolution at the time of the sentence.[61] In addition to imprisonment, Medrano received a minimum-wage sentence of 350 days.[59]

He remained at Reclusorio Oriente until 14 January 2009, when a federal judge approved his transfer to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 4, (also known as "El Rincón"), a maximum-security prison in Tepic, Nayarit. His transfer was coordinated by Mexico City officials and federal agents, who brought him from Reclusorio Oriente to Mexico City International Airport for a flight to Nayarit. Eleven other inmates from Reclusorio Oriente, Reclusorio Norte, and Reclusorio Sur were also transferred to Nayarit by law enforcement.[62] The transfer of Medrano and other high-profile criminals to El Rincón caused an uproar by Nayarit officials because of the criminals' high-profile statuses, which they believed worsen Nayarit's reputation; former Nayarit governor Ney González Sánchez complained about the transfers, which were approved by the federal government without his input.[63]

During his imprisonment, Medrano's defense prevented his extradition to the U.S.[64] Between 2012 and 2014, Medrano and nine other high-profile criminals were unexpectedly released from prison before serving their sentences;[lower-alpha 5] only one was re-arrested and re-imprisoned. In some of the cases, judges ordered releases because of violations of due process, fallacious protected-witness testimony, and arrests made without warrants.[65] The reviews were conducted as a result of Mexico's New Criminal Justice System (Nuevo Sistema de Justicia Penal, or NSJP).[66] The reason for Medrano's release was not specified.[65]

• Mexican Drug War

• Deibert, Michael (2014). In the Shadow of Saint Death: The Gulf Cartel and the Price of America's Drug War in Mexico. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1493010653.
• Ravelo, Ricardo (2012). Osiel: Vida y tragedia de un capo (in Spanish). Penguin Random House. ISBN 978-6073107716.