Ad usum Delphini
The Delphin Classics or Ad usum Delphini was a series of annotated editions of the Latin classics, intended to be comprehensive, which was originally created in the 17th century.
The first volumes were created in the 1670s for Louis, le Grand Dauphin, heir of Louis XIV (“Delphini” is the Latinization (genitive) of Dauphin), and were written entirely in Latin. Thirty-nine scholars contributed to the series, which was edited by Pierre Huet with assistance from several co-editors, including Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet and Anne Dacier.[1] The main features included the main Latin texts; a paraphrase in the margins or below in simpler Latin prose (an ordo verborum); extended notes on specific words and lines, mainly about history, myth, geography, or natural sciences; and indices. One useful pedagogical feature of this series is that it keeps students reading and working in the target language (Latin).[2]
The original volumes each had an engraving of Arion and a dolphin, accompanied by the inscription in usum serenissimi Delphini (for the use of the most serene Dauphin). The collection includes 64 volumes published from 1670 to 1698.[3][4][5]
Beginning in 1819, a different series of Latin classics was published in England under the name Valpy's Delphin Classics by Abraham John Valpy.[6] That series was edited by George Dyer, who produced 143 volumes; it shares little or nothing in common with the earlier, French series, notwithstanding the name. The French Dauphin Classics continued to be published contemporaneously with Valpy's, serving in classrooms across Europe and the Americas; the first American edition was published in Philadelphia in 1804[7] while one European edition was published in Bassan as late as 1844.[8]
The expression Ad usum Delphini was sometimes used to refer to other texts which were expurgated because they contained passages considered inappropriate for the youth. The expression is still used more generally as pejoratively to indicate any work that was censored for the sake of younger audiences (not just within context series of Latin texts and commentaries).
Publishing history
(Taken from Volpilhac-Auger p. 214.[9])
| Author | Editor | Date and place of publication, Number of volumes |
|---|---|---|
| Salluste | Daniel Crispin | Paris, 1674 |
| Cornelius Nepos | Nicolas Courtin | Paris, 1675 |
| Phèdre | Pierre Danet | Paris, 1675 |
| Térence | Nicolas le Camus | Paris, 1675 |
| Velleius Paterculus | Robert Riguez, S. J. | Paris, 1675 |
| Panegyrici Veteres | Jacques de la Beaune, S. J. | Paris, 1676 |
| Justin (historian) | Pierre Joseph Cantel, S. J. | Paris, 1676 |
| Claudien | Guillaume Pyrrhon (ou Pyron) | Paris, 1677 |
| Jules César | Jean Goduin, professeur à Paris | Paris, 1678 |
| Quinte Curce | Michel le Tellier, S. J. | Paris, 1678 |
| Manilius | Michel La Faye (ou Dufay); Pierre Daniel Huet, Remarques sur Manilius, et Julius Caesar Scaliger, Notes | Paris, 1679 |
| Plaute | Jacques de l'Ouvre | Paris, 1679, 2 vol. |
| Tite-Live | Jean Douiat | Paris, 1679,6 vol. |
| Valère Maxime | Pierre Joseph Cantel, S. J. | Paris, 1679 |
| Boèce | Pierre Cally, professeur à Caen | Paris, 1680 |
| Dictys de Crète et Dares de Phrygie | Anne Dacier, fille de Tanneguy Lefebvre | Paris, 1680 |
| Lucrèce | Michel La Faye (ou Dufav) | Paris, 1680 |
| Martial | Vincent Colesson, professeur de droit | Paris, 1680 |
| Aulu-Gelle | Jacques Proust, S. J. | Paris, 1681 |
| Aurelius Victor | Anne Dacier, fille de Tanneguy Lefebvre | Paris, 1681 |
| Sextus Pompeius Festus et Verrius Flaccus | André Dacier | Paris, 1681 |
| Cicéron, Livres qui concernent l'art oratoire | Jacques Proust, S. J. | Paris, 1682,2 vol. |
| Tacite | Julien Pichon | Paris, 1682,4 vol. |
| Virgile | Charles de la Rue, S. J. | Paris, 1682 |
| Eutrope | Anne Dacier, fille de Tanneguy Lefebvre | Paris, 1683 |
| Cicéron, Discours | Charles de Mérouville, S. J. | Paris, 1684, 3 vol. |
| Juvénal et Perse | Louis Desprez | Paris, 1684 |
| Suétone | Augustin Babelon | Paris, 1684 |
| Catulle, Tibulle et Properce | Philippe Dubois | Paris, 1685,2 vol. |
| Cicéron, Épîtres ad familiares | Philibert Quartier | Paris, 1685 |
| Pline l'ancien, Histoire naturelle | Jean Hardouin, S. J. | Paris, 1685,5 vol. |
| Stace | Claude Berault | Paris, 1685, 2 vol. |
| Prudence | Etienne Chamillard, S. J. | Paris, 1687 |
| Apulée | Jules Fleury, chanoine de Chartres | Paris, 1688, 2 vol. |
| Cicéron, Ouvrages philosophiques | François L'Honoré, S. J. | Paris, 1689 |
| Ovide | Daniel Crispin | Lyon, 1689,4 vol. |
| Horace | Louis Desprez | Paris, 1691,2 vol. |
| Pline l'ancien, Histoire naturelle | Jean Hardouin, S. J. | Paris, 1723, 3 vol. in fol. (nouv. édition) |
| Ausone | Jules Fleury ; Jean-Baptiste Souchay | Paris, 1730 |
Reception and influence
The Ad usum Delphini collection was referred to by E.T.A. Hoffmann in Lebensansichten des Katers Murr (1819).[10]
„Sie sind, unterbrach ihn der Prinz, ein spaßhafter Mann.“ — Ganz und gar nicht, fuhr Kreisler fort, ich liebe zwar den Spaß, aber nur den schlechten, und der ist nun wieder nicht spaßhaft. Gegenwärtig wollt' ich gern nach Neapel gehen, und beim Molo einige gute Fischer- und Banditenlieder aufschreiben ad usum delphini. (English translation: "You are, the prince interrupted, a jolly man." - Not at all, Kreisler continued, I love fun, but only bad, and it's not fun again. At present I would like to go to Naples and write down some good fishermen's and bandit songs ad usum delphini at the Molo.)
The Ad usum Delphini collection was referred to by Edward Bulwer-Lytton in Devereux, Book IV (1829):[11]
let me turn to Milord Bolingbroke, and ask him whether England can produce a scholar equal to Peter Huet, who in twenty years wrote notes to sixty-two volumes of Classics, for the sake of a prince who never read a line in one of them?" "We have some scholars," answered Bolingbroke; "but we certainly have no Huet. It is strange enough, but learning seems to me like a circle: it grows weaker the more it spreads. We now see many people capable of reading commentaries, but very few indeed capable of writing them."
Honoré de Balzac III: Ève et David, later Les souffrances de l'inventeur, (1843):[12]
History is of two kinds--there is the official history taught in schools, a lying compilation ad usum delphini; and there is the secret history which deals with the real causes of events--a scandalous chronicle.
There is a reference to the Delphin Classics in Part I, Chapter 5 of Thomas Hardy's Jude the Obscure (1895),[13] where young Jude, trying to educate himself by reading while delivering bread from a horse and cart,
"plunge[s] into the simpler passages from Caesar, Virgil, or Horace [. . .] The only copies he had been able to lay hands on were old Delphin editions, because they were superseded, and therefore cheap. But, bad for idle school-boys, it did so happen that they were passably good for him."[14]
References
- Wood, James, ed. (1907). . The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
- "Favorite Commentaries: Terence Tunberg" in Dickinson Classical Commentaries Blog March 4, 2013 accessed on Jan. 23, 2019.
- Volpilhac-Auger, Catherine. "La collection Ad usum Delphini : entre érudition et pédagogie." In: Histoire de l'éducation. n° 74, 1997. Les Humanités classiques, sous la direction de Marie-Madeleine Compère et André Chervel. pp. 203-214. Volpilhac-Auger says the volumes were published mainly between 1673 and 1691, but that the last appeared in 1730.
- "Classici latini in edizione monolingue | Edizioni Accademia Vivarium Novum". vivariumnovum.it. Archived from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
- Volpilhac-Auger, Catherine, Martine Furno, and Université de Grenoble 3. 2005. La Collection Ad Usum Delphini. Des Princes. Grenoble: ELLUG.
- Delphin Classics (A. J. Valpy) - Book Series List, publishinghistory.com. Retrieved on 1 April 2017.
- Caesar, Julius (1804). "C. Julii Cæsaris quæ extant, interpretatione et notis".
- "Q. Horatii Flacci opera interpretatione et notis illustravit Ludovicus Desprez ... In usum serenissimi delphini". 1844.
- Volpilhac-Auger, Catherine. "La collection Ad usum Delphini : entre érudition et pédagogie." In: Histoire de l'éducation. n° 74, 1997. Les Humanités classiques, sous la direction de Marie-Madeleine Compère et André Chervel. pp. 203-214, p. 214
- Lebensansichten des Katers Murr Project Gutenberg Retrieved on 23 April 2020.
- Edward Bulwer-LyttonDevereux Project Gutenberg Retrieved on 23 April 2020.
- Honoré de Balzac Eve and David, translated by Ellen Marriage 1999 Project Gutenberg Retrieved on 23 April 2020.
- Jude The Obscure at Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg Retrieved on 23 April 2020.
- Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy, Part 1, Chapter 5 Archived 2017-05-19 at the Wayback Machine, adelaide.edu.au. Retrieved on 2 April 2017.
External links
- Index of Ad Usum Delphini volumes publicly available in Google Books and the Internet Archive (19th century versions published by A. J. Valpy and Nicolaus Eligius Lemaire)
- Delphin Classics on Encyclopaedia Britannica