Administrative divisions of Thailand

Chulalongkorn, Father of Modern Thailand

Changwat (Thai: จังหวัด) or provinces is the first level of administration, the highest level, of Thailand. Thailand is separated into 76 provinces, though commonly mistaken as 77 provinces due to Bangkok's former status as a province itself. This is the highest level of administrative division within the kingdom. Each of the provinces are led by governor. The changwat is responsible for implementing state policy and enforcing laws.[5]

The provinces are governed by a governor appointed by the central government. Specifically, the Ministry of the Interior is a part of the Bangkok Government. The norm for naming the provinces is using the provincial capital as the name, which is why they are called namesake cities. A notable difference from history was during the post-Franco-Siamese War period when there was a DMZ around the border which falls on the Mekong river. During this time, there was a province called Nong Khai but the capital was in Ban Makkhaeng. A province is administered by a governor (ผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัด) who is appointed by the Minister of Interior. The provinces are named after their namesake cities, a cities which were the "capital" at the time of its founding. Also, in several provinces the administration has been moved into a new building outside the city.

Most provinces date back to the time of subservient city-states, chiefdoms, and even vassal kingdoms. The polity was called muangs, not to be confused with modern muangs which means cities, which had their own satellite muangs. Traditionally ruled by a local ruling family, these muangs had a high level of autonomy. The highest king of these muangs, phaya or khun luang, though the titles changes over history, ruled these muangs through a system of tributes. The king did not have much control over these muangs which lead to uprisings and rebellions. During the war, these muangs often switched sides which leads to the downfall of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

The provinces were separated into two classes and four different levels.[6]

Administrative divisions during the Rattanakosin Kingdom

During this era, nothing changed much at the beginning. But when the western colonial powers started to eye the region, The Siamese government took to reform their administrative division into a form that much resembles the modern structure. In 1882, much of the current political geography of Siam had changed drastically. Rama V, who had been ramping up the reformation of Siam, had devised a plan to divide Siam into several levels of administration. During this era, the province wasn't the highest level of division. This falls to the monthon and the vassal kingdoms. At the time, Siam was a minor power, controlling several minor kingdoms on their frontiers with the major colonial powers. By, 1892, much of the divisions had already been formed, though this is far from modern Thailand's divisional structure, and by 1900 most of the territory gained during the rule of Rama III were lost to France and Britain.

In 1908, a new division called boriwen was introduced, though later abolished due to its overlapping duties with other local governments, and the bureaucratic costs to maintain the divisions.

In 1932, there were major reforms all over the kingdom, monthon was abolished, provinces merged, and several other divisions dissolved into higher divisions to cut costs. The former provinces that were lost are merged into other provinces or ceded to western powers.

During the 20th century, a massive reform occurred gradually over the century, which saw the formation of several provinces through partitions. The newest province is Bueng Kan which split from Nong Khai on 23 March 2011.

Provinces	จังหวัด	Fate	Today Part of
Attapue	อัตตะปือ	ceded to France	Attapeu  Laos, Kon Tum and Gia Lai  Vietnam
Borikhan Nikhom	บริคัณฑ์นิคม	ceded to France	Bolikhamxai  Laos
Uthai	อุทัย	ceded to France	Sainyabuli and Luang Prabang  Laos
Phon Phisai	โพนพิสัย	merged with Nong Khai	Nong Khai and Bueng Kan  Thailand
Tha Uthen	ท่าอุเทน	merged with Nakhon Phanom	Nakhon Phanom  Thailand
Chaiburi	ซายบุรี	merged with Nong Khai	Bueng Kan  Thailand
Pra Pradaeng	พระประแดง	merged with Samut Prakan, partitioned from Pra Nakhon and Samut Prakan, merged between Samut Prakan and Thonburi	Samut Prakan and Bangkok  Thailand
Kabinburi	กะบิ่นบุรี	merged with Prachinburi	Prachinburi and Sa Kaeo  Thailand
Thalang	ถลาง	destroyed during the Burmese–Siamese War (1809–1812)	Phuket  Thailand
Phichai	พิชัย	capital moved to Uttaradit	Uttaradit, Phitsanulok, and Loei  Thailand, Sainyaburi and Vientiane  Laos
Chiang Khaeng	เชียงแขง	partitioned between France and Britain	Shan State  Myanmar, Luang Namtha and Bokeo  Laos
Chiang Khouang	เชียงขวาง	ceded to France	Xiangkhouang  Laos
Chiang Taeng	เชียงแตง	ceded to France	Kratié, Stung Treng, Ratanakiri, and Mondulkiri  Cambodia, Đắk Lắk, Đắk Nông and Gia Lai  Vietnam
Kalantan	กลันตัน	partitioned between Siam and Britain, merged with Narathiwat, regained and ceded to Britain again	Narathiwat  Thailand, Kelantan  Malaysia
Kham Kert	คำเกิด	ceded to France	Khammouane  Laos
Kham Muan	คำม่วน	ceded to France	Khammouane  Laos
Kham Thong Luang	คำทองหลวง	ceded to France	Stung Teng  Cambodia
Khemmarat	เขมราฐ	partitioned between Siam and France, merged into Ubon Ratchathani	Ubon Ratchathani and Yasothon  Thailand, Savannakhet  Laos
Khukhan	ขุขันธ์	partitioned between Siam and France, merged into Sisaket	Ubon Ratchathani and Sisaket  Thailand, Oddar Meanchey and Preah Vihear  Cambodia
Lan Chang	ลานช้าง	ceded to France	Sainyabuli and Luang Prabang  Laos
Luang Phrabang	หลวงพระบาง	ceded to France	Luang Prabang, Oudomxay, Phongsaly, and Vientiane  Laos
Phibunsongkhram	พิบูลสงคราม	ceded to France	Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, Oddar Meanchey, and Preah Vihear  Cambodia
Phongsa	พงสา	ceded to France	Phongsaly  Laos
Phra Tabong	พระตะบอง	ceded to France	Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, Pailin, and Battambang  Cambodia
Prachan Khiri Khet	ประจันตคีรีเขตร	partitioned between Siam and France, merged into Trat	Koh Kong  Cambodia
Saen Pang	แสนปาง	ceded to France	Kratié, Stung Treng, Ratanakiri, and Mondulkiri  Cambodia
Saharat Thai Doem	สหรัฐไทยเดิม	ceded to Britain	Shan State  Myanmar
Salawan	สาละวัน	ceded to France	Salavan and Sekong  Laos
Sangkha	สังขะ	partitioned between Siam and France, merged into Surin	Surin  Thailand, Oddar Meanchey and Siem Reap  Cambodia
Siemmarat	เสียมราฐ	ceded to France	Siem Reap  Cambodia
Nakhon Champassak	นครจัมปาศักดิ์	ceded to France	Preah Vihear and Stung Teng  Cambodia, Champasak  Laos
Palit	ปะลิส	ceded to Britain, regained and ceded to Britain again	Perlis  Malaysia
Phanom Sok	พนมสก	ceded to France	Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, and Oddar Meanchey  Cambodia
Sisophon	ศรีโสภณ	ceded to France	Banteay Meanchey  Cambodia
Syburi	ไทรบุรี	ceded to Britain, regained and ceded to Britain again	Kedah  Malaysia
Trangkanu	ตรังกานู	ceded to Britain, regained and ceded to Britain again	Terengganu  Malaysia
Lang Suan	หลังสวน	merged into Chumphon	Chumphon  Thailand
Lom Sak	หล่มสัก	partitioned between Phetchabun and Loei	Phetchabun and Loei  Thailand
Min Buri	มีนบุรี	merged into Phra Nakhon	Bangkok  Thailand
Phra Nakhon	พระนคร	merged with Thonburi to form Bangkok	Bangkok  Thailand
Nakhon Khuan Khan	นครเขื่อนขันธ์	renamed Phra Pradaeng	Bangkok and Samut Prakan  Thailand
Phra Pradaeng	พระประแดง	partitioned between Phra Nakhon and Samut Prakan	Bangkok and Samut Prakan  Thailand
Nakhon Chai Si	นครชัยศรี	capital moved to Nakhon Pathom	Nakhon Pathom  Thailand
Sai Buri	สายบุรี	partitioned between Pattani and Narathiwat	Chumphon  Thailand
Takua Pa	ตะกั่วป่า	merged into Pang Nga	Pang Nga  Thailand
Thanyaburi	ธัญบุรี	merged into Pathum Thani	Pathum Thani  Thailand
Thonburi Si Mahasamut	ธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทร	merged with Phra Nakhon to form Bangkok	Bangkok  Thailand
Thoen	เถิน	merged into Lampang	Lampang  Thailand
Sawankhalok	สวรรคโลก	merge with Sukhothai to form Sawankhalok, later changing the name to Sukhothai	Sukhothai  Thailand
Phu Len Chang	ภูแล่นช้าง	merged into Kalasin	Kalasin  Thailand
Chonnabot	ชนบท	partitioned between Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen	Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen  Thailand
Phu Khiao	ภูเขียว	merged into Chaiyaphum	Chaiyaphum  Thailand
Khon San	คอนสาร	partitioned between Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen	Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen  Thailand
Kamalasai	กมลาไสย	partitioned between Kalasin and Roi Et	Kalasin and Roi Et  Thailand
Suwannaphum	สุวรรณภูมิ	partitioned between Maha Sarakham and Roi Et	Maha Sarakham and Roi Et  Thailand
Wichianburi	วิเชียรบุรี	merged into Phetchabun	Phetchabun  Thailand
Chaibadan	ชัยบาดาล	merged into Wichianburi	Phetchabun  Thailand
Phayu Ha Khiri	พยุหะคีรี	merged into Nakhon Sawan	Nakhon Sawan  Thailand
Manorom	มโนรมย์	merged into Chai Nat	Chai Nat  Thailand
San'khaburi	สรรคบุรี	merged into Chai Nat	Chai Nat  Thailand
Inburi	อินทร์บุรี	merged into Singburi	Singburi  Thailand
Phromburi	พรหมบุรี	merged into Singburi	Singburi  Thailand
Nang Rong	นางรอง	merged into Buriram	Buriram  Thailand
Pra Khon Chai	ประโคนชัย	merged into Buriram	Buriram  Thailand
Sitandon	สี่ตันดอน	ceded to France	Stung Teng  Cambodia
Khlung	ขลุง	partitioned between Chanthaburi and Trat	Chanthaburi and Trat  Thailand
Kraburi	กระบุรี	merged into Ranong	Ranong  Thailand
Chiaya	ไชยา	merged into Kanchanadit	Surat Thani  Thailand
Khirirat Nikhom	คีรีรัฐนิคม	merged into Kanchanadit	Surat Thani  Thailand
Takua Thung	ตะกั่วทุ่ง	merged into Pang Nga	Pang Nga  Thailand
Yaring	ยะหริ่ง	merged into Pattani	Pattani  Thailand
Nong Chik	หนองจิก	merged into Pattani	Pattani  Thailand
Raman	รามัน	partitioned between Siam and Britain, merged into Yala	Yala  Thailand, Perak  Malaysia
Ra'Ngae	ระแงะ	partitioned between Siam and Britain, merged into Narathiwat	Narathiwat  Thailand, Kelantan  Malaysia
Kubang Pasu	กะปังปาสู	merged into Syburi	Kedah  Malaysia
Besut	เบอซุต	merged into Terengganu	Terengganu  Malaysia
Palien	ปะเหลียน	merged into Kantang	Trang  Thailand
Phutthaisong	พุทไธสง	merged into Buriram	Buriram  Thailand
Rattanaburi	รัตนบุรี	merged into Buriram	Surin  Thailand
Phanom Sarakham	พนมสารคาม	merged into Chachoengsao	Chachoengsao  Thailand
Phanat Nikhom	พนัสนิคม	merged with Bang Pla Soi	Chonburi  Thailand
Bang Lamung	บางละมุง	merged with Bang Pla Soi	Chonburi  Thailand
Bang Pla Soi	บางปลาสร้อย	merged with Bang Lamung and Phanat Nikhom to form Chonburi	Chonburi  Thailand
Na Wang	นาวัง	merged with Nakhon Phanom	Khammouane  Laos
Phin	พีน	merged with Mukdahan	Savannakhet  Laos
Wang	วัง	merged with Mukdahan	Savannakhet  Laos
Chepon	เชโปน	merged with Mukdahan	Savannakhet  Laos

• these provinces were formed in different periods but lost during 19th and 20th century

Kanchanadit District Office

Amphoe (Thai: อำเภอ) or districts are the second level of administration. There are 878 amphoe throughout Thailand. They are led by a Nai Amphoe (Thai: นายอำเภอ) or district chief who is appointed by the central government. These districts vary greatly in size and population. Amphoe mueang )Thai: อำเภอเมือง) are a term for amphoe that serve as or contain the capital of the province. Within these amphoe, there is either a thesaban nakhon or a thesaban mueang. Amphoe are responsible for general administrative work, clerical work and archives, and the public relations operations of the district. Furthermore, they are responsible for operations related to receptions, ceremonies, government ceremonies, religious ceremonies and various traditional events, operations of the Thai Red Cross Society and other charitable activities.[9]

Amphoe originated from the RS115(1896) bill named Local Governing Regulations R.E. 115.[10] At this time, the method for determining the area of an amphoe was to assign 10,000 citizens to a district.

Previously, another administrative division called king amphoe (Thai: กิ่งอำเภอ) or minor districts was in use. These were set up when a district was too large and became inconvenient to govern. In practice, these districts were effectively identical to normal amphoe. A king amphoe could have been promoted to an amphoe proper if it met sufficient requirements regarding infrastructure and population. The opposite was also possible, where an amphoe lost influence and was further downgraded into a king amphoe. In 2007, all king amphoe were upgraded to amphoe proper in order to streamline governance. There were 81 king amphoe in 2007 at the time.

Tambon Near Tambon Palien

Tambon (Thai: ตำบล) or sub-districts are the third-level of administration. There are 7,255 tambon in Thailand. Tambon are responsible for the economic, societal, and cultural development of the area, organizing public services for the benefit of the people of their own locality.[11] In addition, under the 2001-2006 Thaksin Shinawatra government, the OTOP (One Tambon One Product) program was launched, aiming to promote and recognize unique traditions, cultures, and products from every tambon.[12]

Tambon were previously the second-level of administration before the establishment of amphoe. They were previously governed by a provincial capital who appointed a kamnan or phan as its leader. In 1892, they were downgraded into the third-level of administration.

Muban (Thai: หมู่บ้าน) or Villages are the fourth-level of administration in Thailand. There are 74,944 muban[13] in Thailand. A muban is led by a phuyaiban (Thai: ผู้ใหญ่บ้าน), who is chosen through local elections. All elected phuyaiban must be approved by the central government. Once in office, they can serve for a 5-year term with no limits on re-election. In cities, the term chumchon (Thai: ชุมชน) is used, although this is an unofficial title and is unrelated to the central government.

Thesaban (Thai: เทศบาล) or municipalities is the second level of administration. There are three types of municipalities: thesaban nakhon, thesaban muang, and thesaban tambon.

• Thesaban nakhon (เทศบาลนคร) is the highest of these municipalities and there are 30 of them. To qualify for a thesaban nakhon, an area needs to have at least 50,000 citizens and the necessary infrastructure for a city.
• Thesaban muang (เทศบาลเมือง) needs to have at least 10,000 citizens.
• Thesaban tambon (เทศบาลตำบล) is the lowest administrative level for a municipality. In order to qualify as a thesaban tambon, there needs to be an income of 5 million baht, 5,000 citizens, and a density of 1,500 per square km.

They are known for being complicated geographically. It can extend over a few tambons or be contained within a tambon. Their responsibility are to maintain public order, provide and maintain land and waterways, maintain cleanliness of roads. or corridors and public places Including the disposal of solid waste and sewage, and prevent and suppress contagious diseases.[14]

Originally thesaban were sanitation districts called sukhaphiban (Thai: สุขาภิบาล) created to manage waste. Sukhaphiban used to co-exist with thesaban until it was abolished in 1999.

There are two special administrative regions within Thailand: Bangkok and Pattaya. The SAR is an autonomous region governed separately from the central government. The mayor of the SARs is elected directly by the citizen of their respective SARs. The SAR category is an exclusive administration category where the central government had to have a bill passed exclusively to make a city a SAR. Note that the degree of autonomy is different between these two SARs. Bangkok is recognized as its own polity while Pattaya is under the administration of Chonburi province. Bangkok has its own khaet-khwang system and Pattaya uses the tambon-muban system. This makes Pattaya closer to a thesaban nakhon than a SAR, still, it is classified as a SAR.

Nakhon Suvarnabhumi SAR

Currently, there are plans to make Chiang Mai and Mae Sot a special local administrative area.[15] Though the plans for Chiang Mai is controversial due to the extreme centralization of the government. Especially within the parliament, conservatives called it separatism. A recent bill passed in 2005 and withdrawn in 2007 proposed a new province, Nakhon Suvarnabhumi, and was planned to be structured as a special local administrative area. As a result of a coup, the project was cancelled and withdrawn.

Districts and Sub-districts of Bangkok

Only used in Bangkok, the khet-khwang system acts similarly to the amphoe-tambon system, with the Bangkok government (not to be confused with the central Thai government) appointing the governors of these districts. There are 50 khet and 180 khwang within Bangkok.

Bangkok Metropolitan Area's Municipalities

Thailand Regions

This map depicts the Region of Promthep in 1837, with the partition occurring in the 1840s.

Bangkok Metropolitan Region (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานครและปริมณฑล) refers to the surrounding provinces of Bangkok SAR. This division is used to refer to the whole Bangkok and its suburb. Since Bangkok has outgrown its own SAR borders, neighboring provinces’ city is being absorbed into the Bangkok metropolis, though retaining their respective local government. The polity is defined as Bangkok and the five surrounding provinces of Nakhon Pathom, Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Samut Prakan, and Samut Sakhon. This definition of Bangkok is commonly used in radio, news, and everyday life when people refer to Bangkok.

Phak (Thai: ภาค) refers to the grouping of multiple provinces with regard to history, culture, and geography. There are ten types of phak divisions: 6-regions, 5-4-regions, meteorological, tourism, economic, highway, landlines, postal, electoral, and scouts. In everyday life, one would expect to be using the 4-regions system due to its simplicity and wide understanding of this system.

The four regions system is composed of:

• North
• Isan
• Central
• South

The northern region closely resembles the former Kingdom of Lanna. This kingdom was split into five minor kingdoms in the 1800s and fully absorbed into Siam. Owing to their cultural differences, people from the central plains discriminate against the people of the frontiers regions of Siam. This ingrained the division between us and them within the Siamese psyche.

The Isan region resembles the old territory annexed from the Kingdom of Vientiane and Champassak. The southern region resembles the former territories of the Malay sultanates and the Kingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat.

During the reign of Rama III, there was a massive settlement effort, in which many city and town were created during this time. This caused a "great reshuffling" of the provinces' territory. This ended up leading to the creation of the unorganized region of Promthep. This region was the result of the breaking up of the Kingdom of Cambodia's northern region and annexing it as a part of Siam. Later, this region was partitioned and merged into the Kingdom of Champassak, Kingdom of Cambodia, Khukhan and Siemmarat.

Monthon of 1900

Monthon (Thai: มณฑล) were administrative subdivisions of Thailand at the beginning of the 20th century. The Thai word monthon is a translation of the word mandala (maṇḍala, literally "circle"). The monthon were created as a part of the Thesaphiban (เทศาภิบาล, literally "local government") bureaucratic administrative system, introduced by Prince Damrong Rajanubhab which, together with the monthon, established step-by-step today's present provinces (changwat), districts (amphoe), and communes (tambon) throughout Thailand. Each monthon was led by a royal commissioner called Thesaphiban (เทศาภิบาล), later renamed to Samuhathesaphiban (สมุหเทศาภิบาล). The system was officially adopted by the 1897 Local Administration Act.

In 1915 there were 19 monthons containing 72 provinces. Due to economic problems, several monthon were merged in 1925. Monthon Phetchabun had been dissolved in 1915. Only 14 monthon remained: Ayutthaya, Bangkok (Krung Thep), Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Pattani, Phayap, Phitsanulok, Phuket, Prachinburi, Ratchaburi, and Udon Thani. In 1932 another four were abolished: Chanthaburi, Nakhon Chaisi, Nakhon Sawan, and Pattani. Finally in 1933 the whole monthon system was abolished by the Provincial Administration Act 2476 B.E./A.D. 1933, part of the changes made after the coup d'état, which changed from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy.

Boriwen Map

• Monthon Lao Chiang is the same as Monthon Phayap, to ease understanding in this table but in all cases, they are the same.
• Monthon Lao Kao which became Monthon Isan, and Monthon Lao Phuan which became Monthon Udon.
• The use of the name is up to interpretation and use on case-by-case basis, but name changes occurs due to Rama V integration policy of minorities and achieving assimilation.
• Province merger not shown, only monthon partition and merger are

Boriwen (Thai: บริเวณ) was created due to the size of the three largest monthon hence a subdivision of monthons. Several provinces were grouped together into one boriwen. In 1908 the boriwen were renamed to changwat, which became the name of provinces in 1916. The monthon with between three and five boriwen were Phayap, Udon Thani and Isan. Each boriwen was administered by a commissioner (khaluang boriwen, ข้าหลวงบริเวณ).

Sukhaphiban (Thai: สุขาภิบาล) were administrative divisions of Thailand. Sukhaphiban were the first sub-autonomous entities established in Thailand. A first such district was created in Bangkok by a royal decree of King Chulalongkorn in 1897. Tha Chalom District became the second such district, created in 1906 and responsible for parts of Mueang Samut Sakhon District, Samut Sakhon Province.

In 1907 the act on operations of sanitary districts codified the regulations, and with the Local Administration Act of 1914 two levels of sukhaphiban were introduced, the sukhaphiban mueang for towns and sukhaphiban tambon for rural areas.

The number of sanitary districts grew to 35 in 1935, when these however were converted into municipalities (thesaban). New sanitary district were again established starting in 1952 by prime minister Phibun Songkhram. With the Act to Upgrade Sanitary Districts to Thesaban of May 1999 they were again abolished, and all became thesaban tambon.

Vassal states (Thai: เมืองประเทศราช) existed within Thailand for centuries since the founding of Sukhothai. Though not directly part of the country or even arguably an administrative division. Nonetheless, these states deserve a mention which is due to the fact that they are an entity within a certain polity.

Describing past vassals of Thailand requires the understanding of the mandala system. The mandala system is a largely diffused and dispersed power structure. This means that a vassal is largely independent to the central state, with the vassal also retaining sub-servient city-state-vassals. To explain this power structure, imagine if the United States is the central state, and Washington DC is the central state with 50 surrounding vassal states giving tributes to the central state and having open borders within these polities. These state-vassals also have subservient counties with autonomy in their internal affairs with these counties having their own autonomous sub-divisions. Thus, creating a pyramid of subservient cities and polities. It is not the current political structure of the United States due to the fact that the individual states could not just declare independence, which these vassal could, and had more autonomy from the central state. If the vassal states were to declare independence, it would incur the wrath of the central state. In history this was seen even when the Kingdom of Vientiane, a vassal, rebelled and lost which then was dissolved and absorbed into the central state.

The relationships between Thailand and its vassal varies over the centuries. It could be as amicable and the relationship that of the Kingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat. Compared with the less amicable, aforementioned, Kingdom of Vientiane, which started a rebellion in 1826 under King Anouvong (Xaiya Setthathirath V). The last vassal state to be subservient to Thailand was the Malay states, which was subsequently dissolved, ceded, and merged into provinces and British Malaya in 1909, and the Kingdom of Champassak, which was downgraded into a province.

Vassal States and Dependencies			เมืองประเทศราช			Period Under Suzerainty			Today Part of			Fate
Kingdom of Hanthawaddy			อาณาจักรหงสาวดี			1287–1298 1307–1317 1330			Myanmar			Gained independence due to the declining influence of the Kingdom of Sukhothai
Kingdom of Sukhothai			อาณาจักรสุโขทัย			1378–1438			Thailand			One of the first Thai states to form in the post-classical era, formed by King Si Inthrathit. Later, the Sukhothai Kingdom was overtaken by both military and cultural influences by the Ayutthaya Kingdom. The Sukhothai Kingdom became a vassal of Ayutthaya in 1378 and was fully integrated into the Kingdom of Ayutthaya in 1438. Later, a branch of the old royal family of Sukhothai gained influence in the royal court of Ayutthaya and established the Sukhothai Dynasty within the Ayutthayan court with King Maha Thammarachathirat being the founder.
Kingdom of Cambodia			อาณาจักรกัมพูชา			1594–1831 1845–1863			Cambodia			During the First Siamese-Ngyuen Dynasty War, Cambodia was invaded by Vietnamese forces, which then led to the subsequent transfer of Cambodia to Vietnam. Later during the Second Siamese-Ngyuen Dynasty War, both Siam and Nguyễn Dynasty came to a compromise with Cambodia coming under joint suzerainty. Cambodia was then transferred to the French Third Republic.
Kingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat			อาณาจักรนครศรีธรรมราช			1238–1767 1769–1784			Thailand			Briefly gain independence after the Second Fall of Ayutthaya, and later was integrated fully into the Kingdom of Rattanakosin.
Kingdom of Vientiane			อาณาจักรเวียงจันทน์			1779–1828			Laos,  Vietnam			Annexed as a result of the Lao Rebellion in 1826
	Principality of Phuan			เมืองพวน			1779–1888			Laos,  Vietnam			Transferred to Siam then transferred the French Third Republic
	Federation of the Six Hua Phan Cantons			หัวพันทั้งห้าทั้งหก			1779–1888			Laos,  Vietnam			Transferred to Siam then transferred the French Third Republic
		Canton of Hiam-Son			เมืองเหียม-เมืองซ่อน			1779–1888			Laos,  Vietnam
		Canton of Cham Neua			เมืองชำเหนือ			1779–1888			Laos,  Vietnam
		Canton of Cham Tai			เมืองชำใต้			1779–1888			Laos,  Vietnam
		Canton of Soi			เมืองโสย			1779–1888			Laos,  Vietnam
		Canton of Kho-Sop'Et			เมืองเชียงฆอ-เมืองสบแอด			1779–1888			Laos,  Vietnam
		Canton of Hua Muang			เมืองหัวเมือง			1779–1888			Laos,  Vietnam
Kingdom of Champasak			อาณาจักรหลวงพระบาง			1779–1904			Laos,  Vietnam,  Cambodia			Downgraded to a province
Kingdom of Luang Prabang			อาณาจักรจำปาศักดิ์			1779–1893			Laos,  Vietnam			Transferred to the French Third Republic
	Principality of Phongsali			เมืองพงสาลี			1779–1893			Laos,  Vietnam			Transferred to the French Third Republic
	Federation of the Twelve Tai Cantons*			สิบสองจุไทย			1779–1888			Vietnam			Transferred to the French Third Republic
		Canton of Lai			เมืองไล			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Te			เมืองแต่			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Jian			เมืองเจียน			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Mun			เมืองมุน			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Bang			เมืองบาง			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Thaeng			เมืองแถง			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Khwai			เมืองควาย			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Dung			เมืองดุง			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Muai			เมืองม่วย			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of La			เมืองลา			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Moh			เมืองโมะ			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Wat			เมืองหวัด			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Sang			เมืองซาง			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of So			เมืองสอ			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Than			เมืองถาน			1779–1888			Vietnam
		Canton of Lo			เมืองลอ			1779–1888			Vietnam
Kingdom of Chiang Mai			นครเชียงใหม่			1775–1894			Thailand			Downgraded to a province
Principality of Lampang			นครเมืองลำปาง			1775–1894			Thailand			Downgraded to a province
Principality of Nan			นครเมืองน่าน			1775–1894			Thailand			Downgraded to a province
Principality of Lamphun			นครลำพูน			1775–1894			Thailand			Downgraded to a province
Principality of Phrae			เมืองแพร่			1775–1894			Thailand			Downgraded to a province
Sultanate of Kedah			เมืองสตูลไทรบุรี			1821–1909			Malaysia			Transferred to the British Empire
Kingdom of Setul			เมืองสตูล			1808–1909			Thailand			Downgraded to a province
Kingdom of Perlis			เมืองปะลิส			1843–1909			Malaysia			Transferred to the British Empire
Kingdom of Kubang Pasu			เมืองกุปังปาสู			1839–1864			Malaysia			Merged into Syburi
Sultanate of Pattani			อาณาจักรปัตตานี			1786–1902			Thailand,  Malaysia			Downgraded to a province, and partitioned into seven autonomous townships
Kingdom of Reman			อาณาจักรรามัน			1810–1902			Thailand,  Malaysia			partitioned and merged into surrounding provinces: Pattani, Narathiwat, and Yala. The southern part is transferred to the British Empire
Sultanate of Terengganu			อาณาจักรตรังกานู			1786–1909			Malaysia			Transferred to the British Empire
	Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman			อาณาจักเบอซุต			1780–1899			Malaysia			annexed by the Sultanate of Terengganu
Sultanate of Kelantan			อาณาจักรกลันตัน			1786–1909			Malaysia			Transferred to the British Empire
Kingdom of Chiang Tung			เมืองเชียงตุง			1802–1812			Myanmar			Declared Independence, Submitted to Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)
Principality of Hà Tiên			เมืองบันทายมาศ			1785–1809			Cambodia,  Vietnam			Declared Independence, Submitted to Nguyễn Dynasty
Federation of Sipsong Panna			สิบสองปันนา			1802–1812			Myanmar,  Laos,  China			Declared Independence, Submitted to Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)
	Canton of Chiang Rung			นครเชียงรุ่ง			1802–1812			China
		Chiang Rung			เชียงรุ่ง			1802–1812			China
		Muang Yang			เมืองยาง			1802–1812			China
		Muang Ham			เมืองฮำ			1802–1812			China
	Canton of Je			นครเมืองแจ			1802–1812			China
		Muang Je			เมืองแจ			1802–1812			China
		Muang Mang (Western)			เมืองมาง(ตะวันตก)			1802–1812			China
		Chiang Lu			เชียงลู			1802–1812			China
		Muang Ong			เมืองออง			1802–1812			China
	Canton of Luang			นครเมืองลวง			1802–1812			China
	Canton of Hon			นครเมืองหน			1802–1812			China ,  Myanmar
		Muang Hon			เมืองหน			1802–1812			China
		Muang Phan			เมืองพาน			1802–1812			China
		Muang Lo			เมืองลอ			1802–1812			Myanmar
	Canton of Rai			นครเมืองราย			1802–1812			China
		Muang Rai			เมืองราย			1802–1812			China
		Muang Juang			เมืองเจือง			1802–1812			China
	Canton of Ngad			นครเมืองงาด			1802–1812			China
		Muang Ngad			เมืองงาด			1802–1812			China
		Muang Khang			เมืองขาง			1802–1812			China
		Muang Wang			เมืองวัง			1802–1812			China
	Canton of Lah			นครเมืองหล้า			1802–1812			China
		Muang Lah			เมืองหล้า			1802–1812			China
		Muang Ban			เมืองบาน			1802–1812			China
	Canton of Hing			นครเมืองฮิง			1802–1812			China
		Muang Hing			เมืองฮิง			1802–1812			China
		Muang Pang			เมืองปาง			1802–1812			China
	Canton of La			นครเมืองลา			1802–1812			China
		Chiang Neua			เชียงเหนือ			1802–1812			China
		Muang La			เมืองลา			1802–1812			China
	Canton of Phong			นครเมืองพง			1802–1812			China
		Muang Phong			เมืองพง			1802–1812			China
		Muang Mang (Eastern)			เมืองมาง(ตะวันออก)			1802–1812			China
		Muang Yuan			เมืองหย่วน			1802–1812			China
	Canton of Ou Neua			นครเมืองอูเหนือ			1802–1812			Laos
		Muang Ou Neua			เมืองอูเหนือ			1802–1812			Laos
		Muang Ou Tai			เมืองอูใต้			1802–1812			Laos
	Canton of Tho			นครเมืองทอ			1802–1812			China
		Chiang Tho			เชียงทอ			1802–1812			China
		Muang I-Ngou			เมืองอีงู			1802–1812			China
		Muang I-Pang			เมืองอีปาง			1802–1812			China
	Canton of Phuthaen Luang			นครเมืองภูแถนหลวง			1802–1812			China
		Muang Phuthaen Luang			เมืองภูแถนหลวง			1802–1812			China
		Muang Kham Thaen			เวียงคำแถน			1802–1812			China
Principality of Chiang Khaeng			เมืองเชียงแขง			1802–1812 1892–1893**			Laos,  Myanmar			Declared Independence, Submitted to Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire), then transferred to Siam merging with the Principality of Nan then transferred to the French Third Republic
Principality of Chiang Lap			เมืองเชียงลับ			1802–1812			Myanmar			Declared Independence, Submitted to Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)

*Twelve Cantons were actually composed of twelve to sixteen different cantons. Note that throughout the centuries, different cantons held the same seats. The number of seats range from 12 to 16.

**Chiang Khaeng was merged with the Principality of Nan after the transfer.

There are various territories which were partitioned and transferred to another political entity over the centuries. This could be either that the central government gave an order, or an independent action acted upon by the individual muang prathetsarat.

Map	Territory	เขตการปกครอง	Period Under Suzerainty	Fate	Today part of
	Salaween Territory	ดินแดนสาละวิน	1802–1892	Traded to Karenni State and Shan State, British Burma, gaining Chiang Khaeng.	Myanmar,  Laos
	Chiang Khaeng Territory	ดินแดนเมืองเชียงแขง	1892–1893	Transferred to the French Third Republic	Myanmar
	Koh Song Territory	ดินแดนเกาะสอง	1769–1864	Ceded to the British Empire	Myanmar
	Miawdi Territory	ดินแดนเมียวดี	1768–1834	Gifted to the British Empire, from the Kingdom of Chiang Mai	Myanmar
	Mohtahmah Territory	ดินแดนเมาะตะมะ	1287–1548 1594–1613 1662	Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to the Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)	Myanmar
	Thawai Territory	ดินแดนทวาย	1287–1548 1593–1613 1662	Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to the Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)	Myanmar
	Tanaosi Territory	ดินแดนตะนาวสี	1287–1564 1593–1614 1756–1760	Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to the Toungoo Dynasty, regained Ceded to the Konbaung Dynasty (Third Burmese Empire)	Myanmar