Aeolic Greek

Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek *kʷ changed to Aeolic p everywhere. By contrast, PIE *kʷ changed to Attic/Ionic, Arcadocypriot, and Doric t before e and i.

• PIE *kʷetwores → Lesbian písures, Boeotian péttares ~ Attic téttares, Ionic tésseres, Doric tétores "four"

Similarly PIE/PGk *gʷ always became b and PIE *gʷʰ > PGk *kʰʷ always became ph (whereas in other dialects they became alternating b/d and ph/th before back/front vowels).

Labiovelars were treated the same way in the P-Celtic languages and the Sabellic languages.

A Proto-Greek consonant cluster with h (from Indo-European *s) and a sonorant (r, l, n, m, w, y) changed to a double sonorant (rr, ll, nn, mm, ww, yy) in Lesbian and Thessalian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) by assimilation. In Attic/Ionic, Doric, and Boeotian Aeolic, the h assimilated to the vowel before the consonant cluster, causing the vowel to lengthen by compensatory lengthening.

PIE VsR or VRs → Attic/Ionic-Doric-Boeotian VVR.

PIE VsR or VRs → Lesbian-Thessalian VRR.[4]

• PIE *h₁ésmi → Proto-Greek *ehmi → Lesbian-Thessalian emmi ~ Attic/Ionic ēmi (= εἰμί) "I am"

Lesbian Aeolic lost initial h- (psilosis "stripping") from Proto-Indo-European s- or y-. By contrast, Ionic sometimes retains it, and Attic always retains it.

• PIE *sh₂wél(i)yos → Proto-Greek *hāwélios → Lesbian āélios, Ionic ēélios ~ Attic hēlios "sun"

In Thessalian and Boeotian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) and Doric, the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek semi-vowel w (digamma) was retained at the beginning of a word.

• PIE wekʷ-es- → Boeotian, Doric wépos ~ Attic-Ionic épos "word", "epic" (compare Latin vōx "voice")

In Aeolic and Doric, Proto-Greek long ā remains. By contrast, in Attic, long ā changes to long ē in most cases; in Ionic, it changes everywhere.[5]

• PIE *meh₂ter- → Aeolic, Doric mātēr ~ Attic/Ionic mētēr "mother"

Compensatory lengthening of a,e,o in Lesbian gives ai,ei,oi (in Attic, it would be ā,ei,ou) for example in the accusative plural of a and o stem nouns, or in many 3 Pl verb conjugations.

In Boeotian, the vowel-system was, in many cases, changed in a way reminiscent of the modern Greek pronunciation.

• Attic/Ionic αι /ai/ ~ Boeotian η /eː/ ~ Modern Greek αι /e/
• Attic/Ionic ει /eː/ ~ Boeotian ει /iː/ ~ Modern Greek ει /i/
• Attic/Ionic οι /oi/ ~ Boeotian υ /yː/ ~ Mediaeval Greek and Old Athenaean οι /yː/ ~ Modern Greek οι /i/

In Lesbian Aeolic, the accent of all words is recessive (barytonesis), as is typical only in the verbs of other dialects.[6]

• Attic/Ionic potamós ~ Lesbian pótamos "river"

• ἀέλιος āélios "sun" (also Doric; Attic hēlios; Cretan abelios; Laconian bela; Pamphylian babelios) (PIE *sawel-)
• ἄγωνος ágōnos "struggle" (Attic ἀγῶν agōn; Elean dat. pl. agōnois for agōsi)
• ἀθρήματα athrḗmata gifts sent by kin to Lesbian brides (Sappho fr.) (compare Homeric hedna, eedna)
• Αἰολίωνες Aiolíōnes "Aeolians" (Attic Αἰολεῖς Aioleîs) (aiolizō "speak Aeolic, compose in the Aeolian mode, trick out with false words" Sophocles Fr.912 ) (aioleō vary, adorn, diversify (aiolos quick-moving, glittering, shifty)
• ἀκλάδες aklades (unpruned vineyards) (Attic akladeutoi ampeloi)
• ἀκόντιον akontion (part of troops) (Attic spear) (Macedonian rhachis, spine or backbone, anything ridged like the backbone)
• ἀμένης -τος amenēs -tos (Attic ὑμήν humēn) thin skin, membrane.
• ἀμώνες amōnes (Attic ἀνεμώνες anemones
• ἄορος aoros (Attic ἄϋπνος ahypnos, without sleep) Μηθυμναῖοι
• ἄρπυς arpys (Attic ἔρως Eros, Love) attested in Crinagoras, ἁρπάζειν harpazein to snatch. Homeric harpaleos attractive,devouring
• ἄσφε asphe to them (Attic sphe, sphi)
• βακχόα bakchoa (Attic βόθρος bothros sacred dungeon, pit)
• βάλλα balla threshold (Attic βῆλος bēlos) (Doric balos)
• βελφιν belphin dolphin (Attic delphis) and Βέλφοι Belphoi Delphi
• βᾶμα bama Doric also (Attic βῆμα bema walking, step)
• βλῆρ blēr incitement (Attic delear) τὸ δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ αἶθμα. παρὰ Ἀλκαίῳ ἡ λέξις
• βραδανίζω bradanizō brandish, shake off. (Cf.Elean bratana Common rhatane)
• βραδινός bradinos slender, soft (Attic rhadinos) Sapph.90,104.
• βρᾴδιον braidion (Attic ῥᾴδιον rhaidion easy)
• βράκειν brakein to understand (dysbrakanon imprehensible)
• βράκος brakos long robe, Sapph.70 Homeric ῥάκος ϝράκος rhakos wrakos
• βρίζα briza root (Attic rhiza)
• βρόδον brodon (Attic ῥόδον rhodon, rose) and vagina metaphorically in Erotic Glossary.
• βροδόπαχυς brodopachus with pink, rosy forearms (Attic rhodopechys) (βροδόπαχυν brodopachun Sappho) and brododaktulos with rosy fingers
• βροχέως brocheos or βρουκέων broukeon (Attic βραχύ brachy short) (Sapph.fr. 2,7)
• δράσειν drasein (Attic θύειν to sacrifice)
• δνόφος dnophos darkness Ionic also (Attic ζόφος zophos) (akin to knephas)
• εἴδη eide (Attic ὕλη, forest) (εἴδη Ionian also)
• Ἐννησιάδες Ennesiades Lesbian Nymphs
• ἐπιάλτης epialtēs and epialēs nightmare (Attic ephialtēs) (wiki Ephialtes)
• ζάδηλον zadelon with holes in it, open (Attic diadelon obvious) (Alcaeus 30 D 148P)
• ἴμβηρις imbēris eel (Attic ἔγχελυς enchelys) Μηθυμναῖοι
• ἴρον iron holy (Attic ἱερόν hierón) (Doric hiarón) (Ionic hirón)
• Ἰσσα Issa old name of Lesbos Island Cf. Antissa
• ἴσσασθαι issasthai (Attic κληροῦσθαι klerousthai to take sth by lot)
• καγκύλη kankulē (Attic κηκῖς kēkis wet,vapour, mordant dyeing)
• κάμμαρψις kammarpsis dry Measure (Attic ἡμιμέδιμνον hemimedimnon, one half of a medimnos)
• καραβίδες karabides (Attic γρᾶες graes) Μηθυμναῖοι
• καυαλέον kaualeon Hsch (Attic αἶθος aithos fire, burning heat) (Cf.kaiō burn)
• κλᾷδες klaides Doric also (Attic kleides bars, bolts, keys)
• Mεσοστροφώνια Mesostrophonia Lesbian festival
• μέσσυϊ messui (Attic ἐν μέσῳ in the middle)
• μόλσος molsos (Attic δημός, fat)
• ξέννος xennos foreigner, guest-friend, strange (Attic xenos) (Ionic xeinos)
• ξίμβα ximba (Attic ῥοιά rhoia pomegranate-tree) (Boeotian sida)
• ὄθματα othmata (Attic ommata eyes)
• ὄν ón ὄνα óna (Attic ἀνά aná) upon, through, again (Arcadocypriot also)
• πασσύριον passyrion (Attic passydia totally,all together,with the whole army)
• πεδαμείβω pedameivō (Attic metameivo exchange) (πεδέχω pedecho μετέχω metecho), pedoikos metoikos peda for meta
• πέμπε pempe five (Attic πέντε pente, Pamphylian πέδε pede ) ( πεμπάσσειν pempassein to count per five) (Attic pempe imp. of pempō send)
• Πέῤῥαμος Perrhamos Priamus (Alcaeus 74D,111P (it means also king)
• πέσδος pésdos pedestrian,infantry) (Attic πεζός pezós)
• πέσσον pesson plain (Attic πεδίον pedion)
• πέσσυρες pessyres four (Lesbian πίσυρες pisyres) (Boeotian πέτταρες pettares) (Attic τέσσαρες tessares) (Doric tetores)
• σάωμι saōmi save (Attic σῴζω sōizō ) (Homeric σαόω saoō)
• σίγλαι siglai ear-rings (Attic enōtia, Laconian exōbadia)
• σκίφος skiphos Attic xiphos sword (skiptō, given as etym. of skiphos and xiphos, Sch.Il.1.220; cf. skipei: nussei, it pricks,pierces)
• σπόλα spóla(Attic στολή stolē) equipment, garment (spaleis, the sent one, for staleis)
• στρότος strótos (Attic stratós) army
• σύρξ syrx (Attic σάρξ flesh) (dative plural σύρκεσιν syrkesi Attic σαρξίν sarxin)
• τενεκοῦντι tenekounti (Attic enoikounti dative singular of ἐνοικῶν enoikōn inhabiting)
• τράγαις tragais you break, grow rough and hoarse and smell like a goat
• τῦδε tude tudai and tuide here) (Ionic tēde)
• ὔσδος usdos (Attic ozos twig, branch)
• φαυόφορος phauophoros priestess (Attic ἱέρεια hiereia) (light-keeper) (Aeolic phauō for Homeric phaō shine) (Homeric phaos light, Attic phōs and phōtophoros)
• φηρία phēria (Attic θηρία thēria beasts)
• Ψάπφω Psapphō, (Attic Σαπφώ Sapphō)

• ἄας aas ἀεστητόν aestēton tomorrow (Attic αὔριον aurion) (Cf.Attic ēōs dawn)
• ἀμίλλακας amillakas wine Theban (Attic oinos)
• ἀνωδόρκας anōdorkas a fish βρίγκος ὁ ἰχθῦς, ὑπὸ Θηβαίων
• βαιδύμην baidumēn (Attic ἀροτριᾶν arotrian to plough)
• βανά bana (βαλάρα balara) woman (Attic gunē); βανῆκες, banēkes βάττικες battikes women ( Attic gunaikes )
• βάστραξ bastrax or bastax (Attic τράχηλος trachēlos neck) pl. bastraches
• βλεερεῖ bleerei (Attic οἰκτείρει he feels pity) Cf. eleairei
• γάδου gadou (ϝάδου wadou) (Attic ἡδύ hēdú) (Corinna.17)
• Δεύς Deus instead of Zeus. Attested also in Laconian and Rhodian.
• ἐμπυρία empyria divination (Attic manteia) (Hsch. public oath, Koine ordeal by fire)
• ζεκελτίδες zekeltides gourds[11] Amerias zakeltides (Phrygian zelkia vegetables)
• ἴδηφιν idephin sweet-voiced. Hsch.: ἴδηφιν ἴδαις· Βοιωτοί. [καὶ ὁ ἡδυλάλος διὰ τῆς διφθόγγου] (Attic hēduphōnon) ( Aeolic wad-, ad- )
• ἰστάκη istake scythe (Attic δρέπανον drepanon)
• ἰυγοδρομεῖν iugodromein (Attic ἐκβοηθεῖν, ekboēthein, and boēdromein, run to help) (Ἰύγγυϊ Dionysus, ἰυγή voice,scream (Soph. Phil. 752))(Iungios Thessalian month)
• ἰώ iō and hiōn (Attic ἐγώ egō, I) (hiōnga iōga for egōge)
• Καραιός Karaios Boeotian epithet for Zeus meaning tall,head. Boeotian eponym Karaidas[12]
• κᾶρουξ karoux[13] (Attic kēryx herald)
• κριδδέμεν kriddemen (Attic γελᾶν gelan to laugh) (Strattis fr. 47) Cf. (Cf.Attic krizō creak,screech)
• κόριλλα korilla little girl (Koine korasion from Attic korasis girl) (Aetolian korudion)
• μηλάτας mēlatas (Attic ποιμήν poimen shepherd) (homeric μῆλον mēlon sheep) (Attic mēlon apple, Aeolic-Doric malon)
• μνάριον mnarion (Attic κάλλυντρον kallyntron broom, brush)
• ὀπισθοτίλα opisthotila (Attic σηπία sēpia cuttlefish) (Strattis. fr. 47,3) (squirts its liquor from behind)
• ὀπίττομαι opittomai (homeric opizomai I care,respect) (Laconian opiddomai)
• ὀφρυγνᾷ ophrygnai (Attic ὀφρυάζει ophryazei he winks raising the eyebrow, is haughty)
• σεῖα seia I persecuted (Attic ἐδίωξα edioxa) (Cf.Homeric seuō move quickly, chase)
• συοβοιωτοί syoboiōtoi Hog-Boeotians (Cratinus.310)
• τρίπεζα tripeza (Attic trapeza,table)(from tetrapeza four-footed) (tripeza three-footed) (in Aeolic it would-be tripesda)
• ψώσματα psōsmata Boeotian word

• ἀβρεμής abremēs (Attic ἀβλεπής ablepēs ἀνάξιος του βλέπεσθαι unworthy seeing, despicable (Cypriotic also) (Hes. text ἀβλεπής Κύπριοι καὶ Θετταλοί
• ἀγορά agora (Attic λιμήν limen port, harbour) (Hes. text Θετταλοὶ δὲ καὶ τὸν λιμένα ἀγορὰν καλοῦσιν Κρῆτες δὲ τὴν ἐκκλησίαν
• ἀλφινία alphinia white poplar (PIE *albho- 'white') (Attic leukē, PIE *leuk- 'bright, light') (Macedonian aliza)
• Ἄπλουν Aploun Apollo (Attic Ἀπόλλων Apollōn) (Doric, Pamphylian Ἀπέλο̄ν Apelon)
• ἀσπάλεια aspaleia safeness (Attic asphaleia)[14]
• ἀστραλός astralos (Attic ψάρ -ος psar Starling)
• βεβυκῶσθαι bebukousthai to be swollen (Homeric βυκτάων buktaon blowing)
• βουσία bousia (Attic γογγυλίδι gongylidi turnip)
• δάμοσσος dámossos public (Attic dēmósios) opp. ἰδδιούστικος iddioûstikos privative (Attic idiōtikós)[15][16]
• δάρατος daratos Thessalian bread (Macedonian dramis) (Athamanian dramix) (PIE *der- cut,split)
• δέσποινα despoina woman (Attic gunē, Doric guna) (fem. of despotes)
• ἔνορμος enormos (agora, assembly, market and chōra) (Attic enormeō get in a harbour, hormos bay, anchorage
• ἐρέας ereas children (Hsch.Attic τέκνα tekna) (Homeric ernos young sprout, scion) (Neo-Phrygian eiroi children)
• θεανῶσται theanoustai (Attic ξυστῆρες xysters)
• ἰθείη itheiē (Attic ἁμαξιτός hamaxitos chariot-road) (Homeric ἰθεῖα ὀρθή Ψ 580) (Attic ithys, eytheia straight line)
• ἴμψας impsas past participle of impto (Attic ζεύξας zeuxas zeugnymi join together) (Ἴμψιος Impsios Ποσειδῶν ὁ ζύγιος Poseidon Zygius on horses)
• κάλαφος kalaphos (Attic ἀσκάλαφος, Ascalaphus a bird (Magnesian)
• καπάνη kapanē chariot (Attic ἀπήνη apēnē) also, a helmet(kapanikos plenteous
• κίς kis who, anyone (Attic tis) (Laconian tir) (Arcadocypriot sis)
• καρπαία karpaia Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also Carpaea) Homeric karpalimos swift (for foot) eager,ravenous.
• κῦῤῥος kyrrhos or kyrros sir, master (Attic kyrios)
• Μακετοὺν Maketoun[17] 'Macedonian man' (Attic Μακεδών Makedōn) (Thessalian -ουν-oun suffix for Attic ων ōn in both nominative and genitive of participles,pronouns and nouns.
• ματτύη mattuē a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin (Athenaeus)[18] (Macedonian mattuēs a kind of bird)
• νεαλεῖς nealeis new-comers, newly caught ones (Cf. nealeis, neēludes)
• νεβεύω[19] nebeuō pray (Macedonian neuō) (Attic euchomai, neuō wink)
• ὀνάλα onala, ὀνάλουμα onalouma (Attic analōma expense cost) ( on- in the place of Attic prefix ana-, ongrapsantas SEG 27:202
• Πέτθαλος Pétthalos and Πεθθάλειος (Boeotian Φέτταλος Phéttalos) (Attic Θετταλός Thettalós) (Ionic, Koine Θεσσαλός Thessalós) 'Thesalian man' (Πετθαλια Petthalia Thessalia) (Petthaloi Thessalians) (Koine thessalisti the thessalian way) ( Attic ἐντεθετταλίζομαι entethettalizomai become a Thessalian, i.e. wear the large Thessalian cloak ( Thettalika ptera feathers ), Eupolis.201. )
• ταγεύω tageuō to be tagos archon in Thessaly ταγευόντουν τοῦμ Πετθαλοῦν