Airbus A³ Vahana

The Airbus Vahana (Sanskrit: Vāhana, or Vahanam literally means "vehicle") was an electric-powered eight-propeller VTOL personal air vehicle prototype financed by A³ (pronounced "A-cubed"), by Airbus and Airbus Urban Mobility. The Vahana project started in 2016 as one of the first projects at A³, the advanced projects and partnerships outpost of Airbus Group in Silicon Valley.[2] Airbus "envision[s] Vahana being used by everyday commuters as a cost-comparable replacement for short-range urban transportation like cars or trains".[3] It was planned to be a part of urban air mobility. The project was finished in December 2019.[4]

A³ Vahana
Airbus A³ Vahana Alpha Two (N302VX)
at Paris Air Show 2019
Role Personal air vehicle
National origin United States
Manufacturer A³ by Airbus
First flight 31 January 2018
Retired December 2019[1]
Number built 2

Development

The convertiplane aircraft design, funded by the European aircraft manufacturer Airbus, called Vahana (Sanskrit: "vehicle"), started in 2016. It was being developed at A³ (A-cubed), the expanded project and partnership outpost of Airbus in Silicon Valley.[5] Airbus said "Our work on this demonstrator confirms our belief that fully autonomous vehicles will allow us to achieve the scale required of Urban Air Mobility."[6] Then-CEO Tom Enders said: "I'm no big fan of Star Wars, but it's not crazy to imagine that one day our big cities will have flying cars making their way along roads in the sky."[7]

To test the Vahana concept, small models flew in Santa Clara, USA in 2017.[5] Vahana was planned to become part of urban air mobility. In June 2017 at the Paris Air Show the prototype Vahana Alpha One (N301VX) was publicly presented for the first time.[8] 31 January 2018 the first flight took place in Pendleton (Oregon). The full-scale aircraft Alpha One demonstrator reached a height of 5 meters within 53 seconds.[9][10] By August 2018, more than 25 hover flights had been completed and the transition to forward flight had been tested.[11]

By January 2019, the second aircraft, Alpha Two, was completed, while the first was testing transitions to forward flight, but was not yet flown with the wings horizontal.[12] On 3 May, it achieved its first full transitions to forward flight, reaching 90 kn (170 km/h) on its 58th flight. Airbus will not produce serial versions of the Vahana or the ducted-rotor CityAirbus demonstrators.[13]

Airbus finished the Vahana project in December 2019 in favor of the CityAirbus. The last flight took place on 14 November 2019, after 138 test flights with a total flight time of over 13 hours and a distance of 903 km were made.[14] The longest single flight duration until then was 19 minutes, 56 seconds and the longest single distance covered has been 50,24 km.[15]

Design

Configurations include electric helicopter and eight fan tilt-wing. For both configurations the hover performance estimates were based on blade element momentum theory. Vahana found the electric helicopter configuration superior at low ranges, and the tilt-wing configuration superior at longer ranges.[16] The designer has not finalized the Vahana project and hope that "the electric tilt-wing configuration provides a DOC advantage and many other advantages such as reduced noise and enhanced safety for urban mobility".[17]

For both vehicles a common payload weight will be 200 lb (90 kg). A helicopter gearbox power density is assumed to be 6.3 kW/kg. Both configuration will assume 15 kg for avionics components and 15 kg for a crash rated seat. electrical actuators will take 0.65 kg each (8 units for helicopter and 12 units for tilt-wing). Additionally, the tilt-wing has two actuators (4 kg each). An additional 10% is for fittings and miscellaneous hardware.[18]

The cruise power of the tilt-wing is lower than the cruise power of an electric helicopter. The disk loading for both configurations is similar to those of many existing light helicopters. The electric helicopter hover power at short ranges is lower than those of the tilt-wing.[16] Some drawings and explanations of Vahana can be seen under SELF-PILOTED AIRCRAFT FOR PASSENGER OR CARGO TRANSPORTATION.[19]

One of the reasons why Vahana was being developed as a self-steering aircraft was because the developers expected the available human pilots would not be sufficient in number for the anticipated volume of flights. Another reason was the higher payload and saving on labour expenses. In contrast to autonomous driving, autonomous flying has to be navigated at a significantly higher speed and in three instead of two dimensions. This requires higher computing speed and faster sensors and actuators. Autonomous navigation is carried out with a Lidar system, together with cameras and radar.[20]

Specifications

Data from Electric VTOL News[21]

General characteristics

  • Crew: None (self-piloted) , Alpha One (N301VX) / Alpha Two (N302VX)
  • Capacity: 1 passenger, 90 kg (200 lb), Alpha Two: 2 pax, 200 kg (440 lb)
  • Length: 5.7 m (18 ft 8 in) , Alpha Two: 5.86 m / 19.5 ft
  • Wingspan: 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in)
  • Height: 2.81 m (9 ft 3 in)
  • Empty weight: 695 kg (1,532 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 815 kg (1,797 lb)
  • Propellers: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) diameter

Performance

  • Cruise speed: 200 km/h (120 mph, 110 kn) , Alpha Two: 230 km/h (140 mph; 120 kn)
  • Range: 50 km (31 mi, 27 nmi) (Alpha Two: 100 km (62 mi))
  • Service ceiling: 1,524 m (5,000 ft) , at 35°C, Alpha Two: 3,048 m (10,000 ft)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References
  1. "A Celebratory, Bittersweet Moment: Vahana's Final Flight". Airbus. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  2. "Welcome to Vahana – Vahana". Vahana. 23 September 2016. Archived from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  3. "Vahana Transitioned Project". www.airbus-sv.com. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  4. "Vahana has come to an end. But a new chapter at Airbus has just begun". Airbus. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  5. "A³ Vahana". evtol.news. Electric VTOL News. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  6. "Demonstrating the viability of a self-piloted, electric urban air mobility vehicle". acubed.airbus.com. A³. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  7. Grossman, David (21 October 2016). "Airbus Announces Plan for a Vertical Takeoff Plane by 2020; They're eyeing Uber as a partner". evtol.com.
  8. Coffey with RFI, David (21 June 2019). "Paris Air Show: the race for cleaner skies". rfi.fr. Electric VTOL News. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  9. Stewart, Jack (18 February 2018). "Before They Can Take Off, Flying Cars Must Defeat Bureaucracy". wired.com. WIRED. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  10. "Vahana, the Self-Piloted, eVTOL aircraft from A³ by Airbus, Successfully Completes First Full-Scale Test Flight". wired.com. WIRED. 18 February 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  11. Head, Elan (10 October 2018). "Vahana eVTOL aims for 'direct to autonomy'". verticalmag.com. Vertical.
  12. Warwick, Graham (14 January 2019). "The Week In Technology, Jan. 14-18, 2019". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  13. Guy Norris (13 May 2019). "The Week In Technology, May 13-18, 2019". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  14. "Vahana's Final Flight". evtol.com. evtol. 16 December 2018.
  15. "Airbus Vahana eVTOL wraps up flight testing". evtol.com. 29 December 2019.
  16. vahanaTradeStudy: Contains results for trade study described in blog posts on vahana.aero, VahanaOpenSource, 17 December 2017, retrieved 8 January 2018
  17. "Geoffrey Bower – Vahana". vahana.aero. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  18. "Vahana Configuration Trade Study — Part II – Vahana". Vahana. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  19. BY AIRBUS, A^3 (16 February 2017). "SELF-PILOTED AIRCRAFT FOR PASSENGER OR CARGO TRANSPORTATION". "World Internation Property Organization". patentscope.wipo.int. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  20. Bellamy III, Woodrow (21 May 2019). "Vahana eVTOL aims for 'direct to autonomy'". aviationtoday.com. AVIONICS INTERNATIONAL. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  21. "A³ Vahana". Electric VTOL News. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
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