Aix (bird)
Aix is a bird genus that contains two species of ducks: the wood duck (Aix sponsa), and the Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata). Aix is an Ancient Greek word used by Aristotle to refer to an unknown diving bird.[1]
| Aix | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Pair of wood ducks (Aix sponsa) | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Anseriformes |
| Family: | Anatidae |
| Subfamily: | Anatinae |
| Genus: | Aix F. Boie, 1828 |
| Type species | |
| Aix sponsa | |
| Species | |
Taxonomy
The genus belongs to the family Anatidae in the waterfowl order Anseriformes. They were formerly placed in the "perching ducks", a paraphyletic group somewhat intermediate between shelducks and dabbling ducks, and it is not quite clear whether they should be placed in the Anatinae (dabbling duck) or Tadorninae (shelduck) subfamily.[2][3]
Extant species
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aix sponsa | Wood duck | North American species,[4] eastern half of the United States, and from southern Canada to northern Mexico | The wood duck has a mass of 500–700 grams (18–25 oz). It is 41–49 centimeters (16–19 in) in length, and has a wingspan of 73–75 cm (29–30 in). Males have red eyes and iridescent plumage. Both sexes have crested heads. |
 | Aix galericulata | Mandarin duck | Asian species occurring mainly in Japan and China, but there is an important feral population in the United Kingdom |
The Mandarin duck is 41–49 cm (16–19 in) long with a 65–75 cm (26–30 in) wingspan. It has an even more flamboyant plumage than the wood duck. The female Mandarins are less brightly colored than the males. |
Habitat
Both species migrate from the northern parts of their respective ranges to winter in the south of the range. They inhabit quiet wooded streams and ponds.
Description
The two species are generally considered to be very attractive, particularly the multi-coloured drakes. The genus shows marked sexual dimorphism (differences between the sexes), with the females being smaller and less colorful.
Diet
Wood ducks will consume small crustaceans, insects, and plant matter. Mandarin ducks are mainly vegetarian.
Breeding
Wood ducks are reproductively capable around the age of one year. They are monogamous for the season. Mating occurs between February and April, depending on latitude. The clutch size is between 6 and 15, and the incubation period is about 30 days. The young are precocial. They venture from the cavity nest at one day old and are cared for by the mother for about 60 days. The young have a very high mortality rate. Wood ducks normally live 3 to 4 years.
Mandarin ducks are also monogamous. The courtship ritual, like the plumage, is rather showy. The female lays between 9 and 12 eggs in a cavity nest, then incubates them for about 30 days. Parental care by the mother is a little shorter in this species, lasting about 40 days.
Conservation
Both species are affected by loss of habitat. As human development continues to expand, the woodland areas preferred by these ducks continues to shrink. As of 2016, both species had been evaluated for the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), and given a "least concern" rating.[5][6]
References
- Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- Johnson, Kevin P.; Sorenson, Michael D. (1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence" (PDF). Auk. 116 (3): 792–805. doi:10.2307/4089339. JSTOR 4089339. Retrieved September 2, 2008.
- Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1987). Wildfowl : an identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0-7470-2201-5.
- "Wood Duck (Aix sponsa)". Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. United States Geological Survey. August 3, 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-05-06. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- Birdlife International (2012). "Aix galericulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22680107A40697187.en. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
- Birdlife International (2012). "Aix sponsa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22680104A40111785.en. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
Further reading
- Harris, M. (1999): Animal Diversity Web: Aix galericulata . Accessed April 27, 2006.
- Pope, A. (2004): Animal Diversity Web: Aix sponsa. Accessed April 27, 2006.
