Alcaligenes faecalis
Alcaligenes faecalis is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria commonly found in the environment. It was originally named for its first discovery in feces, but was later found to be common in soil, water, and environments in association with humans. While opportunistic infections do occur, the bacterium is generally considered nonpathogenic. When an opportunistic infection does occur, it is usually observed in the form of a urinary tract infection.
| Alcaligenes faecalis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Alcaligenes faecalis, flagella stain | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Betaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Burkholderiales |
| Family: | Alcaligenaceae |
| Genus: | Alcaligenes |
| Species: | A. faecalis |
| Binomial name | |
| Alcaligenes faecalis Castellani & Chalmers 1919 | |
A. faecalis has been used for the production of nonstandard amino acids.
Description
A. faecalis is a Gram-negative bacterium which appears rod-shaped and motile under a microscope. It is positive by the oxidase test and catalase test, but negative by the nitrate reductase test. It is alpha-hemolytic and requires oxygen. A. faecalis can be grown at 37 °C, and forms colonies that lack pigmentation.[1]
Metabolism
The bacterium degrades urea, creating ammonia which increases the pH of the environment. Although A. faecalis is considered to be alkali-tolerant, it maintains a neutral pH in its cytosol to prevent the damaging or denaturing of its charged species and macromolecules.[1]
History
A. faecalis may have been isolated by Johannes Petruschky in 1896,[2] and also described (and they state, the description corrected) in 1919 by Castellani and Chalmers.[3] There was some controversy about the morphology and smell of the organism.[4] In 2001, previously unidentified isolates of Alcaligenes were classified as a new subspecies of A. faecalis: A. faecalis parafaecalis.[5] In 2005, a second subspecies of A. faecalis was described: A. faecalis phenolicus.[3] A. faecalis phenolicus is distinguished by its ability to use phenol as a carbon source.[3]
References
- Castellani A, Chalmers AJ (1919). Manual of Tropical Medicine. New York: William Wood and Company. pp. 934–6.
- Petruschky, J. "Bacillus faecalis alcaligenes (n. sp.)." Zentbl Bakteriol Parasitenk Infektionskr Hyg Abt I 19 (1896): 187-191.
- Rehfuss, Marc; Urban, James (2005). "Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. Phenolicus subsp. Nov. A phenol-degrading, denitrifying bacterium isolated from a graywater bioprocessor". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 28 (5): 421–429. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2005.03.003. PMID 16094869.
- Mitchell, R. G.; Clarke, S. K. R. (1965). "An Alcaligenes Species with Distinctive Properties Isolated from Human Sources". Journal of General Microbiology. 40 (3): 343–348. doi:10.1099/00221287-40-3-343. PMID 5864887.
- Schroll, Gerhard; Busse, Hans-Jürgen; Busse, Hans-Jürgen; Parrer, Günter; Rölleke, Sabine; Lubitz, Werner; Denner, Ewald B.M. (2001). "Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. Parafaecalis subsp. Nov., a Bacterium Accumulating Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate from Acetone-butanol Bioprocess Residues". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 24 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1078/0723-2020-00001. PMID 11403397.
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