Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)

From 1994 to 1998, he was a Sun Microsystems Distinguished Engineer.[3] He was hired to make heavy-duty enterprise software easier to use, since large-scale applications had been the focus of most of his projects at the phone company and IBM. But luckily the job definition of a Distinguished Engineer is "you're supposed to be the world's leading expert in your field, so you figure out what would be most important for the company for you to work on." Therefore, Dr. Nielsen ended up spending most of his time at Sun defining the emerging field of web usability. He was the usability lead for several design rounds of Sun's website and intranet (SunWeb), including the original SunWeb design in 1994.[9]

After his regular articles on his website about usability research attracted media attention, he co-founded usability consulting company Nielsen Norman Group (NN/g) of Fremont, California in 1998 with fellow usability expert Donald Norman.[5][10][11] The company's vision is to help designers and other companies move toward more human-centered products and internet interactions, as experts and pioneers in the field of usability.[10]

Nielsen is on the editorial board of Morgan Kaufmann Publishers' book series in Interactive Technologies.

Nielsen writes a fortnightly newsletter, Alertbox, on web design matters and has published several books on the subject of web design.[5][8]

Users will anticipate what an experience will be like, based on their mental models of prior experiences on websites.[15][16] When making changes to a design of a website, try to minimize changes in order to maintain an ease of use.[16]

Nielsen gave his name to Nielsen's law, in which he stated that network connection speeds for high-end home users would increase 50% per year, or double every 21 months. As a corollary, he noted that, since this growth rate is slower than that predicted by Moore's Law of processor power, user experience would remain bandwidth-bound.[17]

Nielsen's list of ten heuristics is probably the most-used usability framework for user interface design. An early version of the heuristics appeared in two papers by Nielsen and Rolf Molich published in 1989-1990.[18][19] Nielsen published an updated set in 1994,[20] and the final set still in use today was published in 2005:[21]

1. Visibility of system status
2. Match between system and the real world
3. User control and freedom
4. Consistency and standards
5. Error prevention
6. Recognition rather than recall
7. Flexibility and efficiency of use
8. Aesthetic and minimalist design
9. Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors
10. Help and documentation

In his book Usability Engineering (1993), Nielsen also defined the five quality components of his "Usability Goals":[22]

1. Learnability
2. Efficiency
3. Memorability
4. Errors (as in low error rate)
5. Satisfaction

On January 25, 2010, Nielsen decided to venture into designing a mobile application. He took to the internet as he was stumped how to test the application because he was faced with a strange scenario, the users will initially be novice and then become experts quickly as they will be using the app so frequently. Nielsen was stumped as he compared expert behavior to automated behavior.[23]

In 2010 and 2011, Nielsen wrote about iPad usability issues (specifically with the first generation of iPads) and identified problems with touch points that were too small, issues of discoverability, and “swipe ambiguity.”[24][25] He expected to see more micropayment implementation (similar to the design of Microsoft's Xbox Live).[25] In 2011, after one year of iPad's release of third party apps, Nielsen saw dramatic improvements and an increase of ease of use.[26]

Nielsen has been quoted in the computing and the mainstream press for his criticism of Microsoft's Windows 8 (2012) user interface.[27][28][29] Tom Hobbs, creative director of the design firm Teague, criticized what he perceived to be some of Nielsen's points on the matter, and Nielsen responded with some clarifications.[30] The subsequent short and troubled history of Windows 8, released on October 26, 2012, seems to have confirmed Nielsen's criticism: the sales of Windows-based systems plummeted after the introduction of Windows 8;[31] Microsoft released a new version, Windows 8.1, on Oct 18,2013, to fix the numerous problems identified in Windows 8, and later released Windows 10, a complete overhaul, in July 2015.

In 1990, when the Nielsen heuristic evaluation guidelines were created (Nielsen and Molich, 1990), user interface was less complicated than it is in present-day.[35][36] There has never been any research-based validation of Nielsen's heuristics.[36] The University of Calgary published an article in 2008, questioning if the Nielsen heuristics were an oversimplification.[37]

Nielsen has been criticized by some visual designers and graphic designers for failing to balance the importance of other user experience considerations such as typography, readability, visual cues for hierarchy and importance, and eye appeal.[38][39]

Nielsen's 2012 guidelines, "Repurposing vs Optimized Design" that web sites made for mobile devices be designed separately from their desktop-oriented counterparts has come under fire from Webmonkey's Scott Gilbertson,[40] as well as Josh Clark writing in .net magazine,[41] and Opera's Bruce Lawson, writing in Smashing Magazine,[42] and other technologists and web designers who advocate responsive web design.[43][44] In an interview with .net magazine, Nielsen explained that he wrote his guidelines from a usability perspective, not from the viewpoint of implementation.[45]

Nielsen has been accused of taking a "puritanical" approach to usability, and not being able to keep up his usability evaluations in step of technological changes.[8]

Nielsen's published books include:

• Nielsen, Jakob (1993). Usability Engineering. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780125184069.
• Nielsen, Jakob (1995). Hypertext and Hypermedia. San Diego, California: Academic Press Professional, Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-518410-6.
• Nielsen, Jakob (1999). Designing Web Usability: The Practice of Simplicity. Landmark Series. New Riders. ISBN 978-1562058104.
• Nielsen, Jakob; Snyder, Carolyn; Molich, Rolf; Farrell, Susan (2001). E-Commerce User Experience. Nielsen Norman Group. ISBN 978-0970607201.
• Nielsen, Jakob; Tahir, Marie (2001). Homepage Usability: 50 Websites Deconstructed. New Riders Publishing. ISBN 978-0735711020.
• Nielsen, Jakob; Loranger, Hoa (2006). Prioritizing Web Usability. New Riders Publishing. ISBN 978-0321350312.
• Nielsen, Jakob; Pernice, Kara (2009). Eyetracking Web Usability. New Riders Publishing. ISBN 978-0321498366.
• Nielsen, Jakob; Budiu, Raluca (2012). Mobile Usability. New Riders Publishing. ISBN 978-0321884480.

This is a select list of Nielsen's published research, which includes:

• Nielsen, Jakob; Landauer, Thomas K. (May 1993). "A mathematical model of the finding of usability problems". Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '93. pp. 206–213. doi:10.1145/169059.169166. ISBN 0897915755. S2CID 207177537.
• Nielsen, Jakob (April 1994). "Usability inspection methods". Conference companion on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '94. pp. 413–414. doi:10.1145/259963.260531. ISBN 0897916514. S2CID 52808881.
• Nielsen, Jakob (April 1994). "Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics". Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems celebrating interdependence - CHI '94. pp. 152–158. doi:10.1145/191666.191729. ISBN 0897916506. S2CID 1562556.