Alexander Jardine (British Army officer)

Alexander Jardine (died 1799) was a Scottish artillery officer, spy, and writer on travel and politics.

Life

He was an illegitimate son of Sir Alexander Jardine, 4th Baronet.[1] He entered the Royal Artillery as a private matross in March 1755, by Forbes Macbean.[2] He was transferred to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, as a cadet in June 1757. He passed out of the academy as a lieutenant-fireworker on 8 February 1758.[3]

Jardine saw service in several theatres of the Seven Years' War, including the Raid on Rochefort, the Invasion of Martinique (1759) and the Invasion of Guadeloupe (1759), and in 1762 was in Gibraltar for its defence.[4] His subsequent career was as second lieutenant on 11 September 1762, first lieutenant on 28 May 1766, and captain-lieutenant on 28 April 1773.[3]

For four years from 1776, Jardine acted as a British intelligence agent in Spain.[1] He was transferred to one of the Royal Artillery's invalid companies, on 1 November 1776. He became captain in 1777, brevet-major in 1783, and brevet lieutenant-colonel in 1793.[3] On his return to England around 1780 he endured financial hardship, and appealed to highly placed friends. In 1787 he was in Jersey, a guest of Henry Seymour Conway, the Governor.[5]

Jardine was sent in 1791 to Spain as consul in Galicia. He died in Portugal, on 8 April 1799.[1]

Military Society of Woolwich

In 1772 Jardine returned from Gibraltar to Woolwich where he wrote to fellow officer Captain Edward Williams, proposing the formation of a Military Society at Woolwich, noting that "We have already in this country all kinds of Societies except a military one".[6] This voluntary organisation, though the exchange of essays and ideas between the members, would give "an acquaintance to a fixed degree, with Geometry, Algebra, Mechanics, Fortification, Natural Philosophy, History, Law and Politics..."; he proposed that members become familiar with the ideas of a broad cross-section of authors and thinkers:

Ancients Of the Moderns
Mathematical & Philosophy Military History, Politics, &c
  Euclid  Emerson  Puisegar  Robinson
  Herodotus  M'Laurin [sic]  Folard  Hume
  Thucydides  Newton  Saxe  Macauley
  Xenophon  Robins  Monticueuli [sic]  Blackstone
  Arian  Gravesand  Turenne  Locke
  Vegetius  Desaguliers  Fouguier  Bolingbroke
  Polybius  Coates [sic]  Lloyd  De Thou
  Caesar  Ferguson  Coehorn  Davila
  Livy  Nolet  Vauban  Sully
  Sullust  Simpson  Trincano  P. Daniel
  Belidor  Muller  Du Retz [sic]
  Mauduit  Du Pain  Montesquieu
  Du Lacq  Helvetius
  A. Ferguson
  Grotius

His proposal was accepted, and supported by others. It came into existence that year, with a set of rules established, and a library to be formed. Although the Society only lasted until 1775, its success inspired, in 1839, the formation of an Institution that later became the Royal Military College of Science.

Works

Jardine wrote:

  • Letters from Barbary, France, Spain, Portugal &c. (2 vols., 1788). At Gibraltar in 1771, Jardine was sent by the governor, General Edward Cornwallis, on a mission to Mohammed ben Abdallah, the Sultan of Morocco. This is Jardine's account of Morocco, with other letters written during visits to France and Spain, from Portugal in 1779, and from Jersey in 1787.[1][3] He mentions as friends Sarah Proby (c.1741–1785, née Pownall) who was the wife of Charles Proby R.N., commissioner of Chatham Dockyard, and a Mrs. Pilcher; one of the two was his correspondent Mrs. P.[2][7] Letters from Morocco were to an army officer, who has been tentatively identified as Robert Boyd.[8] Some of the letters from the late 1770s were to a friend identified as Alexander Mackenzie.[5]
  • An Essay on Civil Government, or, Society Restored (1793), with Antonio Borghesi (or Borghese).[1]

Both works reflect the views of Jardine as a reformer, and friend of William Godwin, particularly on the equality of the sexes.[1][9] Jardine relied on stadial theory in arguing for the equality of women.[10] His Letters was cited by Mary Hays, in her Appeal to the men of Great Britain in behalf of women (1798).[11]

The second work was with the publisher James Ridgway in 1792, but was not actually published. Antonio Borghese was a French composer. Dybikowski concludes, of Jardine's contribution to the Essay, that it was "an amalgam of Godwinian personal and social ideals structured by a Williams-like political organization".[12][13]

Views

Jardine supported military reforms, such as Conway had carried out in Jersey. His opinions were tinged with republicanism and accepting agonistic behaviour. In 1782 he reviewed in The Monthly Review military works by Michael Dorset and Henry Lloyd, and James Douglas's anonymous translation A General Essay on Military Tactics from Jacques Antoine Hippolyte, Comte de Guibert. He made criticisms of British military education.[14]

Politically, he identified as a Foxite critic of Lord North, an admirer of the theories on liberty of David Williams (philosopher), and his Letters were praised by Ralph Griffiths. He was personally acquainted with the reformer Francisco de Miranda.[15] By the 1790s he was a regular of William Godwin's circle, to which he introduced James Glenie, and was familiar with some of the radical authors of the period, including William Ogilvie of Pittensear.[16] He met Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos in 1793, and they corresponded, but without finding much common ground.[17]

On gender issues, Jardine's Letters broached matters such as the positive effects of female influence, and female education. Mary Wollstonecraft in the Analytical Review found some value in the work.[18]

Legacy

While stationed at Gibraltar Jardine collected military observations, and presented them in 1772 to the Regimental Society, Woolwich, which he helped to establish in 1772–5. The papers went to the Royal Artillery Institute.[3]

Family

Jardine married a Spanish woman, Juana. They had a family of at least five children.[1][4] Their daughter Charlotte married Robert Dallas.[19] Their daughters, Charlotte (1768–1792) and Joanna (c.1769–1830), are mentioned in The Early Journals and Letters of Fanny Burney, vol. v 1782 to 1783.

Notes
  1. Dybikowksi, J. "Jardine, Alexander". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14658. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. Hampson et al. 2004, p. 94.
  3. Lee, Sidney, ed. (1892). "Jardine, Alexander" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  4. Hampson et al. 2004, p. 96.
  5. Hampson et al. 2004, p. 99.
  6. Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution. Vol. 1. Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution. 1858. p. xvii. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  7. Cordingly, David (2013). Billy Ruffian. A&C Black. p. 33. ISBN 9781408846742.
  8. Hampson et al. 2004, p. 97.
  9. Arianne Chernock, Cultivating Woman: Men’s Pursuit of Intellectual Equality in the Late British Enlightenment, Journal of British Studies Vol. 45, No. 3 (July 2006), pp. 511–531. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The North American Conference on British Studies. DOI: 10.1086/503589 JSTOR 503589
  10. Arianne Chernock (18 December 2009). Men and the Making of Modern British Feminism. Stanford University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8047-7293-8.
  11. Barbara Taylor (13 March 2003). Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination. Cambridge University Press. p. 290 note 11. ISBN 978-0-521-00417-6.
  12. J. Dybikowski, Society Restored and its Authors, pp.105–114, Enlightenment and Dissent No. 11 (1994) (PDF)
  13. "Borghese, Antonio D.R - composer, theorist : Grove Music Online - oi". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03586. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  14. Hampson et al. 2004, pp. 104–106.
  15. Hampson et al. 2004, pp. 106–107.
  16. Hampson et al. 2004, pp. 108–109.
  17. Hampson et al. 2004, p. 112.
  18. Hampson et al. 2004, pp. 93–94, 107.
  19. Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1888). "Dallas, Robert (1756-1824)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 13. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

Sources
Attribution

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1892). "Jardine, Alexander". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 29. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

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