Alexandre Baril

Alexandre Baril (born 1979 in Granby, Quebec), is a Canadian writer and since 2018 an associate professor[1] at the School of Social Work, at the University of Ottawa.[2] He researches sexual and gender diversity, bodily diversity ((dis)ability and health), and linguistic diversity.[1][3] He considers his work to be intersectional, involving queer, trans, feminist and gender studies, as well as sociology of the body, health, social movements, and of critical suicidology.[4]

Alexandre Baril
Born1979
Granby, Quebec, Canada
NationalityCanadian
EducationUniversity of Ottawa, Université du Québec à Montréal, Université de Sherbrooke
Notable workFeminist theory, queer theory, gender studies, (dis)ability studies, feminist and gender studies, sociology of the body, of health and social movements, critical suicidology

Biography

Baril attended the Université de Sherbrooke, earning a BA in philosophy with a minor in theology (2000–2003) as well as a MA in philosophy (2003–2005) from the Department of Philosophy and Applied Ethics. He received the highest distinction for his thesis, titled: Judith Butler and Postmodern Feminism: A Theoretical and Conceptual Analysis of a Controversial School of Thought,[5] and has since published many articles on Judith Butler’s political philosophy based on this work.[2] After completing his master's degree, Baril pursued a doctoral degree in philosophy (2006–2010) from the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) where he completed all program requirements other than the dissertation. He then went to the University of Ottawa to begin a second doctorate in women's studies (2010–2013) at the Institute of Feminist and Gender Studies. His dissertation, titled: Bodily Normativity Under the Knife: (Re)thinking Intersectionality and Solidarities Between Feminist, Trans, and Disability Studies Through Transsexuality and Transability[6] earned him the highest distinction and the Pierre Laberge prize, awarded to the best dissertation in the humanities.[2]

From 2014 to 2015, he secured a postdoctoral fellowship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC). He pursued his postdoctoral research in the United-States, at the City University of New York and at Wesleyan University. This research, conducted with sociologist Victoria Pitts-Taylor, addressed the sociology of the body and of social movements. During this period, Baril also held the position of invited assistant professor at Wesleyan University, teaching courses on issues related to bodily modifications and social movements.

He returned to the University of Ottawa for an appointment as a replacement assistant professor at the Institute of Feminist and Gender Studies In 2015–2016. He taught several courses, including courses on queer and feminist theory in both French and English.[2]

In 2016–2017, he was awarded the Izaak Walton Killam scholarship to pursue his postdoctoral research in political science at Dalhousie University.[2]

Baril accepted the position of assistant professor at the University of Ottawa's School of Social Work In 2018.[2] He was hired to conduct research on intersectionality and diversity, including sexual, gender (trans), bodily (disability), and linguistic diversity. This appointment was a historic moment for trans people and trans studies in Canada. Baril was the first Francophone trans person in Canadian history to be employed as a professor specializing in trans studies to teach on sexual and gender diversity in French.[7][8][9][10]

Career

Baril is an activist and public speaker for the rights of trans people, people living with disabilities, and those with suicidal thoughts.[11][12][13][14] In media interviews, Baril has described the violence and discrimination experienced by trans and marginalized people.[15] He denounces the social inequalities endured by these communities and shares solutions to put an end to them.[16]

The French-language neologisms he has coined and used (cisnormativité, cisgenrenormativité, transcapacité, suicidisme, etc.) represent contributions to many fields of study, including trans, gender, and (dis)ability studies, as well as critical suicidology.

Awards

In December 2017, Baril was awarded the title of Personality of the Week by Radio-Canada (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation) for his involvement in the media after being hired by the University of Ottawa. As is mentioned in several interviews and articles,[17] Baril is the first trans person to be hired by a Canadian university to teach gender and sexual diversity in French.[18][19][10]

In 2011, Baril received the Lana St-Cyr Award from the Aide aux transsexuels et transsexuelles du Québec (ATQ) in recognition of the major role he played in organizing the first trans protest in Quebec history on June 17, 2010, in Montreal. At the time, Baril was involved in PolitiQ-queer solidaire, an activist group fighting against all forms of heterosexist and cissexist oppression and exclusion in Quebec.[20] Nearly 200 people gathered for the 2010 demonstration, which included community organizations advocating for the rights of trans people and leading public figures from legal, academic, and political sectors.[21] The protesters demanded changes be made to Quebec's existing regulations requiring those seeking gender marker changes to their civil status to undergo forced sterilization, as well as more accessible ways of changing one's name.

Research

Baril is described as one of the first trans researchers in Canada to publish work on trans issues from a transactivist perspective in the French language. His first article on trans issues, published in 2009, is titled: Transsexualité et privilèges masculins : fiction ou réalité? (Transsexuality and Male Privilege: Fact or Fiction?).[22] From a transactivist perspective, Baril has coined several more appropriate and more respectful new terms to address the forms of oppression experienced by the marginalized groups he takes an interest in.[23] His doctoral thesis includes an analytical glossary in which this trans and disability studies-related vocabulary is presented.[6] This new terminology allows for an exploration of the oppressive dynamics reproduced by/in social movements and encourages critical reflection about the flaws and limitations of intersectional analyses as they exist today.

While Canadian researchers had already been publishing on trans issues before Baril, this work was done by Anglophones. Examples of these trans researchers, working in Canadian English-language universities, include: Jin Haritaworn, Aaron Devor, Dan Irving, Trish Salah, Bobby Noble and Viviane Namaste. In the context of French-language universities, there is Line Chamberland,[24] the research chair on homophobia, and Annie Pullen Sansfaçon,[25] co-founder of Gender Creative Kids Canada (Enfants transgenres Canada) and professor at the Université de Montréal, who work on trans issues. These scholars are not self-identified as trans people.

Cisnormativité / cisgenrenormativité (cisnormativity / cisgendernormativity)
See also: Cisnormativity

Inspired by the concept of heteronormativity, cis (gender) normativity can be defined as "the normative dimension of the dominant cisgenderist system, which understands people who identify with the gender and sex assigned to them at birth as more normal than those people who decide to live as another gender and/or transition."[22] This dominant normative system promotes negative judgments, discrimination, and violence towards trans people while erasing their experiences and realities.[26][22] The concept of cisgendernormativity is a neologism referring to the specific normativity of cisgender and cissexual identities. It is, therefore, a reference to a cis normativity tied to one's gender.[22]

Baril is the first person to create and define the notions of cisnormativity and cisgendernormativity in French in his 2009 article, on male privilege.[22] He expands on these notions in his 2013 thesis.[6] His article and that of Bauer et al.—"I Don't Think This Is Theoretical; This Is Our Lives: How Erasure Impacts Health Care for Transgender People" (2009)—the first to define the concept of cisnormativity in English,[27] were published simultaneously.

Transféminisme (transfeminism)

Transfeminism is a "theoretical and political collaboration between feminist and trans studies"[22] that aims to fight against sexism and transphobia. This feminist stream takes the multiple, diverse experiences of women into consideration, including those of transgender men and women.[22]

The term was first used and defined in French-language academic work by Baril, who employed the approach to analyze male privilege in trans men.[22] His work was inspired by activist and scholar, Emi Koyama.[28]  

Transcapacitaire (Transabled)

The term "transabled" refers to a non-disabled person's need to transform their body to acquire a disability. Moreover, these people maintain that this experience should not simply be understood as a decision or 'choice,' but rather as a need"[6] to modify various physical abilities that are not necessarily limited to amputations. This term deviates from medical and sexology models that favours the language of apotemnophilia and Body integrity dysphoria (BIID).

Baril did not coin the term transabled in English; transabled activists did. But he translated and coined the term in French. Transabled is derived from the word "able" which "refers to various abilities: physical, mental, psychological, etc. that are not assigned the positive or negative values associated with other terms such as capable/incapable, validity, etc., and denotes the presence or absence of ability."[6]

Baril coined these terms in his thesis once he became aware of the absence of work on the realities of people with disabilities in intersectional feminist analyses. His goal was to understand the development of "expository discourses (etiology and suggested treatment methods) surrounding traceability, and the effects of such discourses on the reception (positive or negative) of transabled testimonials."[6] Faced with the absence of respectful vocabulary in the French language, Baril chose to create new terminology to avoid using the existing terms, whose negative connotations can undermine the realities of these individuals.

Transitude (transness)

Transitude refers to the condition of—or the state of being—trans.[29] This neologism was inspired by the English term, "transness."

Baril coined this term in 2014 for a scientific presentation in 2015.[30] The term has been circulating online since 2014 and was taken up by cartoonist Sophie Labelle in 2015, for her webcomic Assignée garçon (titled Assigned Male in English).[29]

Suicidisme (suicidism)

Suicidism denotes "a system of oppression (founded on non-suicidal perspectives) encompassing normative, discursive, medical, legal, social, political, economic, and epistemic structures in which suicidal individuals experience multiple forms of injustice and violence."[11]

In the field of suicide studies (or suicidology), Baril is described as the first to theorize the oppression of suicidal people from an intersectional, anti-ableist, and anti-sanist perspective. To do so, he borrows from Robert McRuer’s crip theories (2006)[31] as well as from the field of critical disability studies on disability to "interpret suicidal thoughts and gestures"[11] and creates what he calls the "socio-subjective model of disability."[11] He maintains that suicidal individuals should be able to speak freely about their thoughts, not just for the sake of enriching approaches to suicide prevention, but also to assist, using a harm reduction approach, those suicidal individuals who are determined to die by suicide when their need to die is profound and stable.[11] This is a view that is rejected by the suicide prevention community and by the disability rights community generally, which tends to oppose physician assisted suicide.

According to Baril, suicidal individuals are left out of the intersectional analyses of social movements and those anti-oppression movements reproduce the oppression they experience through paternalistic, ableist, and sanist discourses.[11]

Baril is interested in how the media overexploits trans issues without considering the potential consequences for—or the well-being of—the communities involved.[16] He studies the objectification and sexualization of trans bodies in the media. In his work, he advocates for the development of an ethical approach to critically reflect on the possible consequences that media representations focused on the intimate lives of trans people can have.[32][33] In one of his articles, he suggests we "initiate a conversation with media professionals and encourage the development of complex ethical approaches regarding the consent of marginalized groups, including trans* people, to the public distribution of intimate images."[33]

Publications

References
  1. "Member: Alexandre Baril". University of Ottawa. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  2. "Alexandre Baril Curriculum Vitae". Academia.edu. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
  3. Gagnon, Charles-Antoine (December 3, 2017). "Défendre la diversité". ledroit.com. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  4. "Alexandre Baril". Academia.edu. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
  5. Baril, A. (2005). ''Judith Butler et le féminisme postmoderne : analyse théorique et conceptuelle d’un courant controversé'', Mémoire de maîtrise (Master's thesis), Université de Sherbrooke, 241 pages.
  6. Baril, A. (2013). ''La normativité corporelle sous le bistouri'', Thèse (Ph.D.), Institut d'études des femmes, Université d'Ottawa, 485 pages., Nov 13, 2013.
  7. Gagnon, C.-A. (2017). ''Défendre la diversité : Alexandre Baril'', Personnalité de la semaine Radio-Canada/Le Droit, Le Droit, 4 décembre.
  8. Vachet, B. (2017). Interviewé et cité dans l’article : ''Alexandre Baril trace la voie de la reconnaissance transgenre francophone'', #ONFR TFO 25 novembre.
  9. ''Personnalité de la semaine Radio-Canada / Le Droit : Alexandre Baril'', Émission « Les matins d’ici », Interviewé par Philippe Marcoux, ICI Radio-Canada Première Ottawa-Gatineau, 4 décembre, (10 minutes).
  10. Baril, A. (2017). ''Briser le plafond de verre pour les personnes trans!'', Éditorial publié dans l’édition QC du HuffPost, The Huffington Post, 20 novembre.
  11. Baril, A. (2018). "Les personnes suicidaires peuvent-elles parler? Théoriser l’oppression suicidiste à partir d’un modèle socio-subjectif du handicap", Numéro : Prise en charge du suicide : entre crime, troubles mentaux et droit à mourir, Criminologie, 51, 2, p. 189–212.
  12. Baril, A. (2018)."Hommes trans et handicapés : une analyse croisée du cisgenrisme et du capacitisme'', Numéro spécial : Sexualité et handicap : une approche par les sciences sociales, Genre, Sexualité & Société, 19, p. 1–26.
  13. Baril, A. (2017). ''The Somatechnologies of Canada’s Medical Assistance in Dying Law: LGBTQ Discourses on Suicide and the Injunction to Live", Numéro : Sexuality in Canada, Somatechnics, 7, 2, p. 201–217.
  14. Baril, A. (2015). "Needing to Acquire a Physical Impairment/Disability: (Re)thinking the Connections Between Trans and Disability Studies Through Transability", Numéro : New Conversations in Feminist Disability Studies, Hypatia: Journal of Feminist Philosophy, 30, 1, p. 30–48.
  15. Baril, A. (2017). ''Interview avec Alexandre Baril'', Interview filmée dans le cadre de l’émission Les matins d’ici, Le Téléjournal Ottawa-Gatineau, Radio-Canada, 4 décembre 2017.
  16. Baril, A. (2018). ''Société de l’aveu, cis-tème de l’aveu : Repenser le consentement à la lumière de la diffusion d’images intimes de personnes trans* dans les médias'', GLAD! Revue sur le langage, le genre, les sexualités, 5
  17. Baril, A. (2017). ''Trouble dans l’identité de genre : le transféminisme et la subversion de l’identité cisgenre. Une analyse de la sous-représentation des personnes trans* professeur-es dans les universités canadiennes'', Numéro : Le renouveau du féminisme dans la philosophie francophone : redécouverte et nouveaux horizons, Philosophiques : la revue de la Société de Philosophie du Québec, 44, 2, p. 285–317.
  18. "Défendre la diversité". ledroit.com. December 3, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
  19. "Alexandre Baril trace la voie de la reconnaissance transgenre francophone". tfo.org. November 25, 2017. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  20. "PolitiQ-queer solidaire". infopolitiq.wordpress.com. August 18, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
  21. "Non aux règles stériles de l'État Civil". infopolitiq.wordpress.com. June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2019.
  22. Baril, A. (2009). ''Transsexualité et privilèges masculins : fiction ou réalité?'', dans L. Chamberland, B. Frank et J.L. Ristock (dir.). Diversité sexuelle et constructions de genre, Québec, Presses de l’Université du Québec, p. 263-295.
  23. Mickael Enriquez (2013). ''Un mouvement trans au Québec?'' Dynamiques d’une militance émergente, Université du Québec à Montréal, Mémoire présenté en sociologie.
  24. "Line Chamberland, Université du Québec à Montréal". uqam.ca. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  25. "Annie Pullen Sansfaçon, Université de Montréal". umontreal.ca. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
  26. Serano, Julia (2007). Whipping Girl. A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity, Berkeley, Seal Press, 390 pages.
  27. Bauer, Greta R. et al. (2009). "I Don't Think This Is Theoretical; This Is Our Lives: How Erasure Impacts Health Care for Transgender People", The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, vol. 20, no. 5, p. 348–361.
  28. "The Transfeminist Manifesto by Koyama, E." eminism.org. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  29. Baril, Alexandre (2018) ''Théories et concepts en études trans'', Atelier non mixte trans, Powerpoint, Document inédit, Université du Québec à Montréal, 6 avril.
  30. Baril, Alexandre (August 26, 2015). La transitude comme handicap: théoriser les intersections entre les identités trans et handicapées. 7e Congrès international des recherches féministes dans la francophonie. Colloque Une société en transition: l’émergence des recherches et militances trans* et intersexes dans les espaces francophones contemporains (in French). Université du Québec à Montréal.
  31. McRuer, R. (2006). Crip theory: Cultural signs of queerness and disability. New York, NY: New York University Press.
  32. Baril, A. (2016). ''Cinq bonnes raisons d’être transactiviste'', Reportage pour l’émission Top 5, TFO, 13 janvier 2016.
  33. Baril, A. (2017). ''Temporalité trans : identité de genre, temps transitoire et éthique médiatique'', Numéro : Âges de vie, genre et temporalités sociales, Enfances, familles, générations : Revue internationale, 27.
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