Almah
Almah (עַלְמָה ‘almā, plural: עֲלָמוֹת ‘ălāmōṯ), from a root implying the vigour of puberty, is a Hebrew word meaning a young woman ripe for marriage;[1] despite its importance to the account of the virgin birth of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew, scholars agree that it refers to a woman of childbearing age and has nothing to do with virginity.[2][3][1] It occurs nine times in the Hebrew Bible[4] and in every usage the word is either used for a woman who is indicated to be a virgin or as indeterminate.[5]
Etymology and social context
Almah derives from a root meaning "to be full of vigour, to have reached puberty".[1] In the ancient Near East girls received value as potential wives and bearers of children: "A wife, who came into her husband's household as an outsider, contributed her labor and her fertility ... [h]er task was to build up the bet 'ab bearing children, particularly sons" (Leeb, 2002).[6] Scholars thus agree that almah refers to a woman of childbearing age without implying virginity.[7] From the same root, the corresponding masculine word elem עֶלֶם 'young man' also appears in the Bible,[8] as does alum (used in plural עֲלוּמִים) used in the sense '(vigor of) adolescence',[9] in addition to the post-Biblical words almut (עַלְמוּת) and alimut (עֲלִימוּת)[10] both used for youthfulness and its strength (distinct from post-Biblical Alimut אַלִּימוּת 'violence' with initial Aleph, although Klein's Dictionary states this latter root is likely a semantic derivation of the former, from 'strength of youth' to 'violence'[11]). The Hebrew Bible uses an unrelated word, betulah (בְּתוּלָה), to refer to a virgin,[12] as well as the idea of virginity, betulim (בְּתוּלִים).[13]
Biblical usage
The word almah occurs nine times in the Hebrew Bible:[4]
- A servant of Abraham tells his master how he met Rebecca. He prayed to the Lord that if an almah came to the well and he requested a drink of water from her, that should she then provide him with that drink and also water his camels; he would take that as a sign that she was to be the wife of Isaac.
- Miriam, an almah, is entrusted to watch the baby Moses; she takes thoughtful action to reunite the baby with his mother by offering to bring the baby to a Hebrew nurse maid (her mother).
- In 1 Chronicles 15:20 and the heading to Psalm 46, the psalm is to be played "on alamot". The musical meaning of this phrase has become lost with time: it may mean a feminine manner of singing or playing, such as a girls' choir, or an instrument made in the city of "Alameth".
- In a victory parade in Psalm 68:25, the participants are listed in order of appearance: 1) the singers; 2) the musicians; and 3) the "alamot" playing cymbals or tambourines.
- The Song of Songs 1:3 contains a poetic chant of praise to a man, declaring that all the alamot adore him. In verse 6:8 a girl is favorably compared to 60 queens (wives of the king), 80 concubines, and numberless alamot.
- In Proverbs 30:19, concerning an adulterous wife, the Hebrew text and the Greek Septuagint differ: both begin by comparing the woman's acts to things the author claims are hard to predict: a bird flying in air, the movement of a snake over a rock, the path of a ship through the sea; but while the Hebrew concludes with the way of a man with an almah, the Greek reads "and the way of a man in his youth".
- The verses surrounding Isaiah 7:14 tell how Ahaz, the king of Judah, is told of a sign to be given in demonstration that the prophet's promise of God's protection from his enemies is a true one. The sign is that an almah is pregnant and will give birth to a son who will still be very young when these enemies will be destroyed.[14]
Greek translation
The Septuagint translates most occurrences of almah into a generic word neanis νεᾶνις meaning 'young woman' however, two occurrences, one in Genesis 24:43 and one in Isaiah 7:14, are translated as parthenos (παρθένος), the basic word associated with virginity in Greek (it is a title of Athena 'The Virgin Goddess') but still occasionally used by the Greeks for a unmarried woman who is not a virgin.[15] Most scholars agree that Isaiah's phrase ('a young woman shall conceive and bear a son') did not intend to convey any miraculous conception.[16] In this verse, as in the Genesis occurrence concerning Rebecca, the Septuagint translators used the Greek word parthenos generically to indicate an unmarried young woman, whose probable virginity (as unmarried young women were ideally seen at the time) was incidental.[4][17][18]
References
- Childs 2001, p. 66.
- Sweeney 1996, pp. 161–162.
- Williamson 2018, p. 152.
- Byrne 2009, p. 155.
- Koessler; Winfred, John, John Koessler; Neely (February 1, 2014). The Moody Bible Commentary. Chicago IL: Moody Publishers. ISBN 978-0802428677. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Leeb 2002, p. unspecified.
- Sweeney 1996, p. 161.
- "Strong's Hebrew: 5958. עָ֫לֶם (elem) -- a young man". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
- "Strong's Hebrew: 5934. עֲלוּם (alumim) -- youth, youthful vigor". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
- Even-Shoshan Dictionary, entries עַלְמוּת and עֲלִימוּת
- "Klein Dictionary, אלם ᴵᴵᴵ 1". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
- "Strong's Hebrew: 1330. בְּתוּלָה (bethulah) -- a virgin". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
- "Strong's Hebrew: 1331. בְּתוּלִים (bethulim) -- virginity". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2020-08-02.
- Preuss 1974, p. 461.
- MacLachlan 2007, p. 7.
- Moyise 2013, p. 95.
- Gravett et al. 2008, p. 72.
- Fletcher Steele 1892, p. 24.
Bibliography
- Byrne, Ryan (2009). "Anatomy of a Cargo Cult". In Byrne, Ryan; McNary-Zak, Bernadette (eds.). Resurrecting the Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807895498.
- Childs, Brevard S (2001). Isaiah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664221430.
- Fletcher Steele, Wilbur (January 1892). "Art. I. -- The Virgin Birth -- Its Expectation and Publication". Methodist Review. Fifth. G. Lane & P. B. Sandford. VIII: 24.
- Gravett, Sandra L.; Bohmbach, Karla G.; Greifenhagen, F.V.; Polaski, Donald C. (2008). An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible: A Thematic Approach. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664230302.
- Grindheim, Sigurd (14 March 2013). Introducing Biblical Theology. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-567-32105-3.
- Leeb, C.S. (2002). "The widow: homeless and post-menopausal". Biblical Theology Bulletin. 32 (4): 160–162. doi:10.1177/014610790203200403. S2CID 169057204. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03.
- MacLachlan, Bonnie (2007). MacLachlan, Bonnie; Fletcher, Judith (eds.). Virginity Revisited: Configurations of the Unpossessed Body. University of Toronto Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8020-9013-3.
- Moyise, Steve (2013). Was the Birth of Jesus According to Scripture?. Wipf and Stock. p. PT95. ISBN 978-1-62189-673-9.
- Preuss, Horst Dietrich (1974). "Isaiah". In Botterweck, Gerhard Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (eds.). Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Vol. I. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802823250.
- Seidman, Naomi (2010). Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-74507-7.
- Sweeney, Marvin A. (1996). Isaiah 1-39: With an Introduction to Prophetic Literature. William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. ISBN 9780802841001.
- Seidman, Naomi (2006). Faithful Renderings: Jewish-Christian Difference and the Politics of Translation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226745053.
- Williamson, H.G.M. (2018). Isaiah 6-12: A Critical and Exegetical Commentary. International Critical Commentary. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-567-67928-4. Retrieved 8 July 2023.