American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project

Colonists waving before they begin their stint as settlers on Jarvis Island.

The United States first began establishing its presence in the Equatorial Pacific during the mid-19th century through guano mining conducted by private American companies under the Guano Islands Act. After several decades, guano resources became depleted, leading to the diminishing presence of American companies on the islands; they were thus vulnerable to development and claim by other nations, especially the regional rival, Imperial Japan. The U.S. maintained a desire for military and commercial air routes between Australia and California, routes that would be facilitated by the use of Howland, Baker, and Jarvis Islands. In 1935, the Department of Commerce developed a clandestine colonization plan with the objective of placing U.S. citizens on the remote islands in order for the U.S. to lay claim to them. The colonization program called for non-active military personnel in order to avoid conflicting with international law regarding colonization by military.[3]

William T. Miller, Superintendent of Airways at the Department of Commerce, was appointed to lead the project. He traveled to Hawaii in February 1935, met with Albert F. Judd, Trustee of Kamehameha Schools and the Bishop Museum, and agreed that recent graduates and students of the Kamehameha School for Boys would make ideal colonists for the project.

Multiple federal agencies vied for the right to administer the colonization project, including the Department of Commerce, the Department of the Interior, and the Department of the Navy. However, jurisdiction was ultimately granted to the Department of the Interior.

During the seven years of colonization, more than 130 young men participated in the project, the majority of whom were Hawaiian. In 1940, when the issue of discontinuing the colonization project was raised, the Navy acknowledged that the islands were "probably worthless to commercial aviation" but advocated for "continued occupation" because the islands could serve as "bases from a military standpoint."

Camp on Baker Island during the Colonization Project

In June 1941, the Commandant of the 14th Naval District recognized the "tension in the Western Pacific" and recommended the evacuation of the colonists, but his request was denied. On December 8, 1941, Howland Island was attacked by a fleet of Japanese twin-engine bombers, which killed Hawaiian colonists Joseph Keliʻihananui and Richard Whaley. In the ensuing weeks, Japanese submarine and military aircraft continued to target Howland, Baker, and Jarvis Islands. The four colonists from Baker and the two remaining colonists from Howland were rescued on January 31, 1942, and the eight colonists from Jarvis and Enderbury were rescued on February 9, 1942, two months after the initial attacks on Howland Island.[4] In July 1943, a military base was established on Baker Island and played a substantial role in the Tarawa-Makin operation, a significant U.S. offensive against the Japanese fleet in the Pacific theater.[3]

After World War II, the participants of the colonization project established an organization to preserve the fellowship of their group, naming it "Hui Panalāʻau" in 1956. In 1974, the islands of Howland, Baker and Jarvis were designated as National Wildlife Refuges and are now part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. The islands of Canton and Enderbury became part of the Republic of Kiribati.[3]

• Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme

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  Settlements on Baker Island
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  Baker Island Government House
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  Moving drums of water onto Howland Island
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  Supply delivery to Howland Island
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  Howland Island Government House
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  Jarvis Island camp
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  Balloon run at Jarvis Island
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  Jarvis Island Government House