List of American conservatives

American conservatism is a broad system of political beliefs in the United States characterized by respect for American traditions, republicanism, support for Judeo-Christian values,[1] moral absolutism,[2] free markets and free trade,[3][4] anti-communism,[4][5] individualism,[4] advocacy of American exceptionalism,[6] and a defense of Western culture from the threats, whether real or perceived, posed by anarchism, communism, socialism, liberalism, authoritarianism, and moral relativism.[7] The recent movement is based in the Republican Party, though some Democrats were also important figures early in the movement's history.[8][9]

This article is part of a series on
Conservatism
in the United States
Schools
Principles
History
Intellectuals
Politicians
Jurists
Commentators
Activists
Works
Parties
Active

Defunct
Think tanks
Other organizations
Economics

Gun rights

Identity politics

Nationalism

Religion

Watchdog groups

Youth/student groups

Miscellaneous

Other
Media
Newspapers

Journals

TV channels

Websites

Other
Variants and movements
See also

The following list is made up of prominent American conservatives from the public and private sectors. The list also includes political parties, organizations and media outlets which have made a notable impact on conservatism in the United States. Entries on the list must have achieved notability after 1932, the beginning of the Fifth Party System. Before 1932, terminology was different. Positions that are called conservative after 1932, were typically called "liberal" (i.e. classical liberal) before then. Likewise European liberals, such as Friedrich Hayek, were called conservatives when they came to America, which puzzled Hayek.[10]

People

Intellectuals, writers, and activists
William F. Buckley Jr., conservative writer
Bill Kristol, conservative writer
Phyllis Schlafly speaking at CPAC 2011
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Garet Garrett1878–1954financial journalist[11]
Clarence Manion1896–1979direct-mailer[12]
Whittaker Chambers1901–1961author of Witness[13][14]
James Burnham1905–1987anti-communist defender of Senator Joseph McCarthy[15]
Frank Meyer1909–1972editor of the Books, Arts and Manners section of National Review[16]
Richard M. Weaver1910–1963author of Ideas Have Consequences[17][18]
George J. Stigler1911–1991economist[19]
Milton Friedman1912–2006economist[20]
Russell Kirk1918–1994author of The Conservative Mind[17][21]
William A. Rusher1923–2011publisher of National Review[22]
Phyllis Schlafly1924–2016activist[23]
William F. Buckley Jr.1925–2008author, television host, and founder of National Review[24][25]
L. Brent Bozell Jr.1926–1997speechwriter for Senator Joseph McCarthy[25]
Tim LaHaye1926–2016author and political activist[26]
Beverly LaHaye1929–activist and founder of Concerned Women for America[27][28][29][30]
Irving Kristol 1920–2009 Neoconservative author and writer
Thomas Sowell1930–author, columnist, professor, and economist at the Hoover Institution[31]
James Q. Wilson1931–2012social scientist[32]
Richard Viguerie1933–media pioneer[33][34]
Walter E. Williams1938–2020author, columnist, and economics professor[35][36][37]
Arthur Laffer1940–economist[38]
George Will1941–columnist for the Washington Post[39][40]
Edwin Feulner1941–founder of The Heritage Foundation[41]
Paul Weyrich1942–2008president of The Heritage Foundation[42]
Joseph Sobran1946–2010writer for National Review[43]
Charles Krauthammer1950–2018public intellectual[44]
Peggy Noonan1950–columnist for The Wall Street Journal[31]
Bill Kristol1952–former editor of The Weekly Standard[45]
Grover Norquist1956–president of Americans for Tax Reform[45]
Dinesh D'Souza1961–author and filmmaker[46][47]
Charlie Kirk1993–Founder and President of Turning Point USA, author and political commentator[48]

Politicians, office holders, and jurists
Donald Trump speaking at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC)
Mike Pence speaks at a campaign rally in Phoenix, Arizona, August 2016.
Sarah Palin speaking at the CPAC
Vice President Dick Cheney (right) with Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld (left) and President George W. Bush (center)
Senator Barry Goldwater (right) meeting with President Ronald Reagan (left) in the oval office in 1984
Congresswoman Liz Cheney in 2016
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg1884–1951Known for his opposition to the New Deal[49]
Senator Robert A. Taft1889–1953First chairman of the Senate Republican Policy Committee[50]
Senator John W. Bricker1893–1986Thomas E. Dewey's running mate in the 1944 presidential election[51]
Senator Everett Dirksen1896–1969Republican senator who helped get the Civil Rights Act passed[52]
Ambassador Clare Boothe Luce1903–1987Politician, writer, and ambassador[53]
Senator Joseph McCarthy1908–1957Known for his principal role in the Red Scare of the 1950s[54][55]
Senator Barry Goldwater1909–19981964 Republican presidential nominee[17]
President Ronald Reagan1911–200440th President of the United States[56][57]
Chief Justice William Rehnquist1924–2005Chief Justice of the Supreme Court[58]
Congressman James Edmund Jeffries1925 - 1997Member, United States House of Representatives from Kansas (1979 - 1983)
UN Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick1926–2006Ambassador to the United Nations under Ronald Reagan[59]
Attorney General Edwin Meese1931–Attorney General during the Reagan Administration[60]
Congressman Jack Kemp1935–20091996 Republican vice presidential nominee known for his support of supply-side economics and urban renewal[61]
Congressman Larry McDonald1935–1983Served as president of the John Birch Society[62]
Congressman Ron Paul1935–Presidential candidate (1988 Libertarian Party nominee, 2008 Republican candidate, 2012 Republican candidate) who promoted a libertarian agenda within the Republican Party[45]
Justice Antonin Scalia1936–2016Supreme Court justice known as a leading exponent of originalism and textualism[63]
White House Communications Director Pat Buchanan1938–White House communications director under President Ronald Reagan, paleoconservative advisor to multiple presidents; prominent commentator and co-founder of The American Conservative; Republican presidential candidate in 1992 and 1996; Reform Party nominee for president in 2000[64][65][66]
House Majority Leader Dick Armey1940–One of the chief authors of the Contract with America[67]
Vice President Dick Cheney1941–Known for his hawkish views on national security[68]
Senator Mitch McConnell1942–Senate Minority Leader[69]
Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich1943–Chief author of the Contract with America, 2012 presidential candidate known for his criticism of the Clinton, G. W. Bush, and Obama administrations[68]
President Donald Trump1946–45th President of the United States[70][71][72][73][74][75][76]
President George W. Bush1946–43rd President of the United States[77][68]
Senator Mitt Romney1947–Senator from Utah since 2019, 2012 Republican presidential nominee, 2008 Republican presidential candidate, Governor of Massachusetts (2003-2007),[68]
UN Ambassador John R. Bolton1948–National Security Advisor, U.N. ambassador, and foreign policy hawk[78]
Justice Clarence Thomas1948–Supreme Court Justice, most prominent African-American conservative jurist in American history[45]
Deputy Chief of Staff Karl Rove1950–Political strategist to George W. Bush[79]
Senator Jim DeMint1951–Tea Party-affiliated U.S. Senator, president of the Heritage Foundation[80]
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice1954–Secretary of State during the George W. Bush administration[81]
Chief Justice John Roberts1955–Chief Justice of the Supreme Court[68]
Congresswoman Michele Bachmann1956–Sought the 2012 Republican nomination for president[82]
Vice President Mike Pence1959–Vice President under Donald Trump, governor of Indiana, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Indiana[83][68]
Senator Rand Paul1963–U.S. Senator from Kentucky, libertarian-leaning conservative, 2016 GOP presidential candidate and son of Ron Paul[84]
Governor Sarah Palin1964–Governor of Alaska, 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee|
Senator Tim Scott1965–Senator from South Carolina, only African-American Republican senator[85]
Congresswoman Liz Cheney1966–Congresswoman from Wyoming, daughter of former Vice President Dick Cheney[86][87][31]
Attorney General Kris Kobach1966–Secretary of State and Attorney General of Kansas[88][89][90]
Senator Ted Cruz1970–Tea Party-affiliated U.S. senator who finished second in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries[91][92]
Speaker of the House Paul Ryan1970–Speaker of the House, 2012 Republican vice-presidential nominee[93][68]
Senator Marco Rubio1971–U.S. Senator from Florida, 2016 GOP presidential candidate[94][31][92]

Business and religious leaders involved in conservative politics
Billy Graham, evangelical minister
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Roger Milliken1915–2010businessman[95]
Joseph Coors1917–2003businessman[96]
Billy Graham1918–2018evangelist known for his support of capitalism[97]
Sun Myung Moon1920–2012founder of the Unification Church[98]
Richard DeVos1926–2018co-founder of Amway[99]
Rupert Murdoch1931–CEO of News Corp and 21st Century Fox[100]
Richard Mellon Scaife1932–2014billionaire donor to conservative organizations[101]
Sheldon Adelson1933–2021billionaire donor to conservative political candidates[102]
Jerry Falwell1933–2007televangelist[103][104]
Charles G. Koch1935–billionaire industrialist and donor to conservative organizations and candidates[99][105]
Foster Friess1940–2021billionaire donor to conservative organizations[106]
David H. Koch1940–2019billionaire industrialist and donor to conservative organizations and candidates[99][105]
Richard Land1946–former lobbyist for the Southern Baptist Convention[107]
Robert Mercer1946–donor to conservative organizations such as Breitbart News[108]
Franklin Graham1952–evangelist and political activist[109]
Tony Perkins1963–chairman of the Family Research Council[31]
Peter Thiel1967–venture capitalist and political activist[110]
Russell Moore1971–president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention[111]

Media personalities: publishers, editors, radio hosts, columnists and bloggers
Michael Medved, conservative radio show host
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Raymond Moley1886–1975columnist[112]
David Lawrence1888–1973author of Beyond the New Deal[113]
Clarence Manion1896–1979talk radio host[114]
Henry Luce1898–1967founder of Time[115]
Fulton Lewis1903–1966radio host[116]
Henry Regnery1912–1996activist[117]
Paul Harvey1918–2009radio commentator[118]
Bob Grant1929–2013talk show host[119]
William Safire1929–2009commentator for The New York Times[40][120]
Roger Ailes1940–2017president of Fox News[68]
Michael Savage1942–talk radio host[45]
Herman Cain1945–2020radio host, syndicated columnist, and candidate in the 2012 Republican presidential primaries[121]
Lou Dobbs1945–television newscaster[122]
Michael Medved1948–talk radio host[123]
Dennis Prager1948–talk radio host[124][125]
Bill O'Reilly1949–television and radio host[126][31]
Rush Limbaugh1951–2021talk radio host[68]
Larry Elder1952–filmmaker[127]
Charlie Sykes1954–talk-show host[128]
Hugh Hewitt1956–talk radio host[124][129]
Sean Hannity 1961–host of Hannity and The Sean Hannity Show[130]
Ann Coulter1961–political commentator[131][132]
Laura Ingraham1963–Fox News and talk radio commentator[39][133]
Matt Drudge1966–creator, and editor of the Drudge Report[134][135]
Andrew Breitbart1969–2012blogger, author, journalist, and creator of Breitbart News[17][136]
Tucker Carlson1969–talk show host[69][137]
Michelle Malkin1970–newspaper columnist, author, and blogger[138]
Ben Shapiro 1984– commentator and media host [139]
Matt Walsh 1986- political commentator and author

Filmmakers, screenwriters, and producers
Director Cecil B. DeMille, on who actor Edward G. Robinson wrote, "No more conservative or patriarchal figure existed in Hollywood, no one more opposed to communism or any permutation or combination thereof.”[140]
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Lionel Barrymore1878–1954Director of films including Madame X (1929), The Unholy Night, and The Rogue Song
Cecil B. DeMille1881–1959Director of films including The Greatest Show on Earth and The Ten Commandments (1956)[140]
Louis B. Mayer1882 or 1884 or 1885–1957Co-founder of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and producer of films including Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ and Greed (1924)
Sam Wood1883–1949Director of films including A Night at the Opera and Kings Row
Merian C. Cooper1893–1973Director and producer of films including King Kong (1933) and This Is Cinerama
John Ford1894–1973Director of films including The Searchers and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance
King Vidor1894–1982Director of films including Northwest Passage and Duel in the Sun[141]
Howard Hawks1896–1977Director of films including Scarface (1932), Red River (1948), The Thing from Another World, and Rio Bravo
Frank Capra1897–1991Director of films including It's a Wonderful Life and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
Leo McCarey1898–1969Director of films including Duck Soup (1933) and An Affair to Remember
Walt Disney1901–1966Co-founder of The Walt Disney Company, also animator and film producer, helping to create films which included Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Dumbo, Bambi, and Pinocchio (1940)
William Peter Blatty1928–2017Writer of films including The Exorcist, as well as the director and writer of The Ninth Configuration and The Exorcist III[142][143]
Clint Eastwood1930–Director of films including High Plains Drifter, Unforgiven, Mystic River, Letters from Iwo Jima, Gran Torino, American Sniper, and Richard Jewell
Gerald R. Molen1935–Producer and executive producer of films including Days of Thunder, Jurassic Park, Schindler's List, Casper, and Twister[144]
Dennis Hopper1936–Director and writer of Easy Rider and The Last Movie[145]
Paul Morrissey1938–Director and writer of films including Women in Revolt, Flesh for Frankenstein, and Blood for Dracula
Lionel Chetwynd1940–Director and writer of The Hanoi Hilton[144]
Jerry Bruckheimer1943–Producer of film series including Beverly Hills Cop, Pirates of the Caribbean, and National Treasure
Roger L. Simon1943–Screenwriter of films including The Big Fix and Enemies, A Love Story[144]
John Milius1944–Writer of Dirty Harry and Apocalypse Now, directed films including Conan the Barbarian (1982) and Red Dawn
Ivan Reitman1946–2022Director of films including Ghostbusters, Ghostbusters II, Kindergarten Cop, and Dave[146]
James Woods1947–Producer of Cop and Another Day in Paradise; executive producer of Northfork and Oppenheimer
David Zucker1947–Director and writer of Airplane! and The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad![145]
David Mamet1947–Director and writer of Heist (2001), as well as the writer of films including The Untouchables, Glengarry Glen Ross, Wag the Dog, and Hannibal (2001)[147]
John Hughes1950–2009Director and writer of films including Sixteen Candles, Weird Science, The Breakfast Club, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, and Planes, Trains and Automobiles[148][149]
Robert Davi1953–Director of The Dukes and My Son Hunter
Mel Gibson1956–Director of films including Braveheart, The Passion of the Christ, and Apocalypto
Vincent Gallo1962–Director and writer of Buffalo '66 and The Brown Bunny[150]
Steven Mnuchin1962–Producer and executive producer of films including The Lego Movie, Edge of Tomorrow, American Sniper, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, The Conjuring 2, and Wonder Woman
Dallas Sonnier1980–Producer of films including Bone Tomahawk, Brawl in Cell Block 99, Dragged Across Concrete, and What Is a Woman?

Novelists
Crime fiction writer James Ellroy's works frequently touch on topics such as political corruption
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Zora Neale Hurston1891 – 1960Author of Their Eyes Were Watching God[151]
E. Hoffmann Price1898 – 1988Author of The Devil Wives of Li Fong
John O'Hara1905 – 1970Author of Appointment in Samarra and BUtterfield 8[152]
Ayn Rand1905 – 1982Author of Atlas Shrugged and The Fountainhead
Saul Bellow1915–2005Nobel Laureate author of novels like Seize the Day, Henderson the Rain King, Herzog, Mr. Sammler's Planet, Humboldt's Gift and Ravelstein[153][154]
Ray Bradbury1920 – 2012Author of Fahrenheit 451, The Martian Chronicles, and The Illustrated Man[155]
Jack Kerouac1922 – 1969Author of On the Road and The Dharma Bums[156]
Tom Wolfe1930 – 2018Author of The Bonfire of the Vanities and I Am Charlotte Simmons
Tom Clancy1947 – 2013Author of The Hunt for Red October, Patriot Games, and Without Remorse
Mark Helprin1947 –Author of Winter's Tale, A Soldier of the Great War, and Freddy and Fredericka
James Ellroy1948 –Author of The Black Dahlia and L.A. Confidential[157]
Dan Simmons1948 –Author of Song of Kali and the Hyperion Cantos series
Andrew Klavan1954 –Author of Empire of Lies
John Ringo1963 –Author of the Empire of Man series
Brad Thor1969 –Author of The Lions of Lucerne and The Last Patriot

Comic book writers and artists
Name Lifetime Notability Ref.
Steve Ditko1927-2018Co-creator of Spider-Man and creator of Doctor Strange
Chuck Dixon1954-Writer for series and stories including Batman, Batman: Knightfall, and The Punisher (1987)
Ethan Van Sciver1974-Artist for series including The Flash: Rebirth, Green Lantern: Rebirth, and Sinestro Corps War

Organizations

Think tanks
Hoover Tower at Stanford University, location of the Hoover Institution Library and Archives
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Acton Institute1990–promotes "individual liberty ... sustained by religious principles"[158]
American Enterprise Institute1938–promotes limited government[158]
Cato Institute1974–promotes classical liberalism[158]
Claremont Institute1979–promotes limited government[158]
Competitive Enterprise Institute1984–promotes limited government[158]
Discovery Institute1990–promotes teaching religious viewpoints in science classes[158]
The Heartland Institute1984–promotes climate change denial[159][160]
The Heritage Foundation1973–promotes "[c]onservative social values"[158]
Hoover Institution1919–promotes "a free and peaceful society"[158]
Hudson Institute1961–promotes conservatism[161]
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research1977–promotes privatization and limited government[159][162]
Mercatus Center1980–promotes conservatism[159]
Mises Institute1982–promotes Austrian school economics and anarcho-capitalism[159]
Reason Foundation1978–promotes classical liberalism[159]

Foundations
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Bradley Foundationfounded in 1942financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks[163][164]
John Templeton Foundationfounded in 1987[163]
Koch family foundationsfounded in 1953gives millions of dollars to a variety of organizations[163][165]
Lovett and Ruth Peters Foundationfounded in 1994[166]
Mercer Family Foundationgives millions of dollars to conservative organizations[167]
Olin Foundationdefunct in 2005financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks[168][164]
Prager University Foundation (PragerU) 2009 publishes weekly conservative videos which have garnered over 2 billion total views [169]
Richard and Helen DeVos Foundationfounded in 1970gives millions of dollars to conservative organizations[99]
Scaife Foundationsfounded in 2014financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks[170][164]
Searle Freedom Trustfounded in 1998financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks[164][170]
Smith Richardson Foundationfounded in 1935financially supports Republican-leaning think tanks[163][164]

Political, social and economic organizations
Headquarters of Focus on the Family
U.S. Chamber of Commerce Building in Washington, D.C.
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
Alliance Defending Freedom1994–Christian legal organization[171][172]
American Conservative Union1964–organization "with the aim of coordinating and guiding American conservatism"[173]
American Family Association1977–lobbying organization[174]
American Legislative Exchange Council1973–organization that helps state legislators write bills[175][176]
Americans for Prosperity2004–Tea Party movement organization[177]
Club for Growth1999–political action committee[178]
Concerned Women for America1978–conservative women's organization formed by Beverly LaHaye[179][180]
Council for National Policy1981–elite organization that meets three times a year[181]
Faith and Freedom Coalition2009–Republican fundraising organization[182]
Family Research Council1983-conservative Christian organization[183]
Federalist Society1982–legal organization[184]
Focus on the Family1977–Christian organization[99]
FreedomWorks2004–grassroots organization[185]
Independent Women's Forum1992–conservative women's organization[186]
John Birch Society1958–far-right organization[187]
Judicial Watch1994–educational foundation[188]
State Policy Network1992–organization of state-based groups[189][190]
Turning Point Action 2019 political advocacy group [191][192]
Turning Point USA2012–grassroots organization based on College, High School and Church Campuses[193][194]
US Chamber of Commerce1912–pro-business lobbying organization[195]
Young Americans for Freedom1960–organization formed by William F. Buckley Jr.[65]

Media
Main article: Alternative media (U.S. political right)
Fox News Studios in 2009
The Washington Times newsroom
Name Founded/defunct Notability Ref.
The American Conservative2002–Paleoconservative magazine founded by Patrick J. Buchanan[196]
The American Spectator1967–publication known for its investigations of Bill Clinton during his presidency[197]
Blaze Media2018–news outlet from 2018 merger of Glenn Beck's TheBlaze and Mark Levin's CRTV[198]
Breitbart News2007–website formerly headed by Steve Bannon[199][200][201][202][203]
Chroniclesmonthly magazine that promotes "Western civilization"[196]
CNSNews1998–website founded by L. Brent Bozell III[204]
Commentary1945–neoconservative monthly magazine edited by John Podhoretz[205]
The Daily Caller2010–website founded by Tucker Carlson[206]
The Daily Wire2015–website and media company founded by Ben Shapiro and Jeremy Boreing
The Detroit News1873–one of the two major newspapers in the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan[207]
Drudge Report1995–website founded by Matt Drudge[208][134][209]
Fox News1996–cable outlet[210]
Free Republic1997–website that promotes "front-line conservative activism"[211][212]
FrontPagewebsite edited by David Horowitz[213]
Human Events1944–weekly news magazine[196]
National Review1955–magazine founded by William F. Buckley[205]
New Hampshire Union Leader1863–daily newspaper of Manchester, New Hampshire[214]
New York Post1801–daily newspaper owned by News Corp[196]
Newsmax Media1998–media firm headed by Christopher Ruddy[215]
One America News Network2013–cable channel[216]
Reader's Digest1922–magazine founded by George and Lila Acheson Wallace[217]
RedState2004–website owned by Salem Media[218]
Regnery Publishing1947–publishing house[219]
Sinclair Broadcast Group1971–telecommunications company founded by Julian Sinclair Smith[220]
Townhall.com1995–website that hosts conservative commentary[221]
The Bulwark2018–founded by Charlie Sykes and Bill Kristol
The Epoch Times 2000- newspaper and news website
The Wall Street Journal1889–daily newspaper owned by Rupert Murdoch[196]
The Washington Free Beacon2012–news website[222]
The Washington Times1982–daily newspaper that covers politics[196]
The Weekly Standard1995–2018weekly magazine that covered politics[196]
WorldNetDaily1997–news website[223][224]

See also

Footnotes
  1. Smith, Don (2003). If It Ain't Broke – Break It!: A Document for Both Liberals and Conservatives. United States. p. 59. ISBN 9780595275342. Conservatives have not liked what they see as the 'mushy' and 'confused' morals and the political, sexual and social mores of the American Nation of the last 50 years. They want clarity. They want guidelines based on Judeo-Christian values. They trust God. Most Conservatives believe any sexual activity outside of the marriage contract is wrong. They believe that abortion is equivalent to murder, and they oppose assisted suicide.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. Farmer, Brian (2005). American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. United States: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 978-1904303541. To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes.
  3. Baldwin, Robert (2000). Congressional Trade Votes: From NAFTA Approval to Fast-track Defeat. United States: Peterson Institute for International Economics. pp. 30. ISBN 9780881322675. Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles.
  4. Lipsman, Ron (2007). Liberal Hearts and Conservative Brains: The Correlation Between Age and Political Philosophy. United States: United States. p. 232. ISBN 9780595463206. The American conservative system of rugged individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition...
  5. Critchlow, Donald (2009). Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-0742548244. Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities.
  6. Langdale, John (2012). Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920-1990. United States: University of Missouri Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780826272850.
  7. Pilbeam, Bruce (2003). Anglo-American Conservative Ideology After the Cold War. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 978-0333997659. For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism – the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives.
  8. Merle Black, "The transformation of the southern Democratic Party." Journal of Politics 66.4 (2004): 1001–1017.
  9. Katznelson, Ira; Geiger, Kim; Kryder, Daniel (Summer 1993). "Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933–1950" (PDF). Political Science Quarterly. 108 (2): 283. doi:10.2307/2152013. JSTOR 2152013.
  10. Hayek, "Why I am Not a Conservative" online
  11. Bruce Ramsey (December 27, 2008). "The Capitalist Fiction of Garet Garrett". Ludwig von Mises Institute. Retrieved 2017-05-12.
  12. Krugman, Paul. The Conscience of a Liberal. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. Print. p. 115
  13. Nash, George H. (2009). The conservative Intellectual Movement in America since 1945. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. pp. 66, 88–94, 101, 108, 116–117, 131, 135, 137, 143–144, 145, 163, 213, 238, 243, 253, 325, 327, 367, 368, 379, 391, 405. ISBN 9781497636408. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  14. Tanenhaus, Sam. "Review: 'Exit Right: The People ....'" The Atlantic. March 2016. 13 July 2018.
  15. Niels Bjerre-Poulsen (2002). Right Face: Organizing the American Conservative Movement 1945-65. Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 116–118. ISBN 978-87-7289-809-4.
    Bruce Frohnen; Jeremy Beer; Nelson O. Jeffrey (2014). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 186. ISBN 978-1-4976-5157-9.
  16. Gregory L. Schneider (2009). The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 55–60. ISBN 978-0-7425-4284-6.
    Ann Southworth (1 August 2009). Lawyers of the Right: Professionalizing the Conservative Coalition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-226-76836-6.
    Donald T. Critchlow; Nancy MacLean (2009). "Frank Meyer What Is Conservatism?". Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 177–180. ISBN 978-0-7425-4824-4.
  17. Wyler, Grace and Paul Szoldra. "13 Books That Every Conservative Must Read." Business Insider. 29 March 2013. 17 May 2017.
  18. Gregory L. Schneider (2009). The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7425-4285-3.
  19. George H. Nash (8 April 2014). The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America Since 1945. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 410. ISBN 978-1-4976-3640-8.
    Martin Gardner (15 July 1997). The Night Is Large: Collected Essays, 1938-1995. St. Martin's Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-312-16949-7.
    Martin Gardner (21 August 1999). The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener. St. Martin's Press. p. 421. ISBN 978-1-4668-2332-7.
    Jon A. Shields; Joshua M. Dunn (2016). Passing on the Right: Conservative Professors in the Progressive University. Oxford University Press. pp. 142–145. ISBN 978-0-19-986305-1.
  20. William Ruger (26 September 2013). Milton Friedman. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8264-2595-9.
    John Ehrman (2005). The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan. Yale University Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-300-10662-6.
    Iwan Morgan (16 September 2016). Reagan: American Icon. I.B.Tauris. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-78672-050-4.
    "22 Quotes to Celebrate Milton Friedman Day". The Daily Signal. The Heritage Foundation. 1 August 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  21. Bradley J. Birzer (17 September 2015). Russell Kirk: American Conservative. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-6619-3.
  22. David B. Frisk (11 March 2014). If Not Us, Who?: William Rusher, National Review, and the Conservative Movement. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-4804-9300-1.
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