Amy Cuddy

Amy Joy Casselberry Cuddy (born July 23, 1972)[1][2] is an American social psychologist, author and speaker. She is a proponent of "power posing",[3][4] a self-improvement technique whose scientific validity has been questioned.[5][6] She has served as a faculty member at Rutgers University, Kellogg School of Management and Harvard Business School.[7] Cuddy's most cited academic work involves using the stereotype content model that she helped develop to better understand the way people think about stereotyped people and groups.[8] Though Cuddy left her tenure-track position at Harvard Business School in the spring of 2017,[5] she continues to contribute to its executive education programs.[9]

Amy Cuddy
Amy J. C. Cuddy
Born (1972-07-23) July 23, 1972
Robesonia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Alma materUniversity of Colorado
Princeton University
Scientific career
InstitutionsRutgers University
Kellogg School of Management
Harvard Business School
ThesisThe BIAS Map: Behavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes (2005)
Doctoral advisorSusan Fiske

Early life and education

Cuddy grew up in Robesonia, Pennsylvania. She graduated from Conrad Weiser High School in 1990.[10]

In 1998, Cuddy earned a Bachelor of Arts in psychology, graduating magna cum laude from the University of Colorado.[11] She experienced a traumatic brain injury during college.[12] She attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst from 1998 to 2000 before transferring to Princeton University to follow her adviser, Susan Fiske.[5] She received a Master of Arts in 2003 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 2005 in social psychology (dissertation: "The BIAS Map: Behavior from intergroup affect and stereotypes") from Princeton University.[11]

Academic career

From 2005 to 2006, Cuddy was an assistant professor of psychology at Rutgers University.[11] From 2006 to 2008, she was an assistant professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University,[13] where she taught leadership in organizations in the MBA program and research methods in the doctoral program.[11] From 2008 to 2017, she was an assistant professor—and later, associate professor—in the Negotiation, Organizations and Markets Unit at the Harvard Business School, where she taught courses in negotiations, leadership, power and influence, and research methods.[14] In the spring of 2017, The New York Times reported, "she quietly left her tenure-track job at Harvard",[5] where she lectured in the psychology department.[15]

Stereotypes
See also: Stereotype content model

In 2002, Cuddy co-authored the proposal of the stereotype content model, with Susan Fiske and Peter Glick (Lawrence University).[16] In 2007, the same authors proposed the "Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes" (BIAS) Map model.[17] These models propose to explain how individuals make judgments of other people and groups within two core trait dimensions, warmth and competence, and to discern how these judgments shape and motivate our social emotions, intentions, and behaviors.[18]

Power posing
See also: Power posing

In 2010, Cuddy, Dana Carney and Andy Yap published the results of an experiment on how nonverbal expressions of power (such as expansive, open, space-occupying postures)[19] affect people's feelings, behaviors, and hormone levels.[20][21] In particular, they claimed that adopting body postures associated with dominance and power ("power posing") for as little as two minutes can increase testosterone, decrease cortisol, increase appetite for risk, and cause better performance in job interviews. This was widely reported in popular media.[22][23][24] David Brooks summarized the findings, "If you act powerfully, you will begin to think powerfully."[25]

Other researchers tried to replicate this experiment with a larger group of participants and a double-blind setup.[26] The experimenters found that power posing increased subjective feelings of power, but did not affect hormones or actual risk tolerance. They published their results in Psychological Science.[27] Though Cuddy and others are continuing to carry out research into power posing, Carney has disavowed the original results. The theory is often cited as an example of the replication crisis in psychology, in which initially seductive theories cannot be replicated in follow-up experiments.[28][29][30]

Publications
Books

In December 2015 Cuddy published a self-help book advocating power posing, Presence: Bringing Your Boldest Self to Your Biggest Challenges, which built on the value of the outward practice of power posing to focus on projecting one's authentic self with the inward-focused concept of presence—defined as "believing in and trusting yourself – your real honest feelings, values and abilities."[31] The book reached at least as high as #3 on The New York Times Best Seller list (Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous) in February 2016.[32] The book was translated into 32 languages.[33]

Academic papers
  • Cuddy, A. J. C.; Schultz, S. J.; Fosse, N. E. (2017). "P-Curving a More Comprehensive Body of Research on Postural Feedback Reveals Clear Evidential Value for Power-Posing Effects: Reply to Simmons and Simonsohn". Psychological Science. 29 (4): 656–666. doi:10.1177/0956797617746749. PMID 29498906. S2CID 3675226.
  • Cuddy, A. J. C.; Glick, P.; Beninger, A. (2011). "The dynamics of warmth and competence judgments, and their outcomes in organizations". Research in Organizational Behavior. 31: 73–98. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.250.9367. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2011.10.004.
  • Carney, D.; Cuddy, A. J. C.; Yap, A. (2010). "Power posing: Brief nonverbal displays affect neuroendocrine levels and risk tolerance". Psychological Science. 21 (10): 1363–1368. doi:10.1177/0956797610383437. PMID 20855902. S2CID 1126623., listed among "The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010" by Halvorson (2010).[34]
  • Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (vol. 40, pp. 61–149). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Cuddy, A. J. C.; Fiske, S. T.; Glick, P. (2007). "The BIAS Map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 92 (4): 631–648. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631. PMID 17469949. S2CID 16399286.
  • Fiske, S. T.; Cuddy, A. J. C.; Glick, P. (2007). "Universal dimensions of social cognition: Warmth, then competence". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 11 (2): 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.005. PMID 17188552. S2CID 8060720.
  • Fiske, S. T.; Cuddy, A. J. C.; Glick, P.; Xu, J. (2002). "A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from status and competition". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82 (6): 878–902. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878. PMID 12051578. S2CID 17057403.
TED talk

Awards and honors
  • World Economic Forum Young Global Leader, 2014[36]
  • Time magazine 'Game Changer', 2012[37]
  • Rising Star Award, Association for Psychological Science (APS), 2011[38]
  • The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009, Harvard Business Review[39]
  • Michele Alexander Early Career Award, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues, 2008[11]
  • BBC 100 Women, 2017: glass ceiling team[40]

References
  1. middle names and year of birth as reported by worldcat.org
  2. @amyjccuddy (28 July 2016). "Ah, thanks for all the birthday wishes yesterday, but my birthday was on the 23rd. Not sure what happened there" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  3. "TedTalks: Your body language shapes who you are". Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  4. "TedTalks: Most Viewed TEDTalks". Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  5. Dominus, Susan (18 October 2017). "When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  6. "Sorry, but standing like Superman probably won't make your life any better". Newsweek. 13 September 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  7. "Harvard Kennedy School, Center for Public Leadership". Archived from the original on 19 October 2018.
  8. "Google Scholar - Amy Cuddy".
  9. "Faculty - Executive Education".
  10. Scheid, Lisa (17 July 2016). "Best-selling author and social psychologist recalls Berks roots". Reading Eagle. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  11. "Curriculum Vitae Amy J. C. Cuddy" (PDF). HBS.
  12. Dominus, Susan (18 October 2017). "When the Revolution Came for Amy Cuddy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  13. "Kellogg School of Management, Meet the new faculty". Kellogg World. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  14. "Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, Academic Programs & Faculty". Harvard University. 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  15. "Harvard University Course Catalog". courses.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  16. Cuddy, Amy J. C.; Fiske, Susan T.; Glick, Peter; Xu, Jun (June 2002). "A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 82 (6): 878–902. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878. PMID 12051578. S2CID 17057403.
  17. Cuddy, Amy J. C.; Fiske, Susan T.; Glick, Peter (April 2007). "The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 92 (4): 631–648. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631. PMID 17469949. S2CID 16399286.
  18. Krakovsky, Marina (2010). "Mixed Impressions: How We Judge Others on Multiple Levels". Scientific American Mind. 21: 12. doi:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0110-12.
  19. Venton, Danielle (15 May 2012). "Power Postures Can Make You Feel More Powerful". Wired. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  20. Carney, Dana R.; Cuddy, Amy J. C.; Yap, Andy J. (October 2010). "Power Posing – Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance". Psychological Science. 21 (10): 1363–1368. doi:10.1177/0956797610383437. PMID 20855902. S2CID 1126623.
  21. "Boost Power Through Body Language". Harvard Business Review. HBR Blog Network. 6 April 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  22. Buchanan, Leigh (May 2012). "Leadership Advice: Strike a Pose". Inc. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  23. Baron, Neil (13 April 2012). "Power Poses: Tweaking Your Body Language for Greater Success". Fast Company. Expert Perspective. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  24. Halverson, Ph.D., Heidi Grant. "Feeling Timid and Powerless? Maybe It's How You Are Sitting". Psychology Today. The Science of Success. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  25. Brooks, David (20 April 2011). "Matter Over Mind". The New York Times.
  26. Where the original experiment had 42 subjects (21 in each condition), Ranehill et al. had 200. The experimenters were kept unaware of which condition each subject was in to avoid experimenter bias.
  27. Ranehill, E.; Dreber, A.; Johannesson, M.; Leiberg, S.; Sul, S.; Weber, R. A. (25 March 2015). "Assessing the Robustness of Power Posing: No Effect on Hormones and Risk Tolerance in a Large Sample of Men and Women". Psychological Science. 26 (5): 653–656. doi:10.1177/0956797614553946. ISSN 0956-7976. PMID 25810452. S2CID 28372856.
  28. Singal, Jesse (27 September 2016). "There's an Interesting House-of-Cards Element to the Fall of Power Poses". New York magazine. Retrieved 21 October 2017.Romm, Cari; Baer, Drake; Singal, Jesse; Dahl, Melissa (30 September 2016). "Why People Love(d) Power Posing: A Science of Us Conversation". New York. Retrieved 21 October 2017.Singal, Jesse (25 April 2017). "How Should We Talk About Amy Cuddy, Death Threats, and the Replication Crisis?". New York. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
  29. Gelman, Andrew (1 January 2016). "Amy Cuddy's Power Pose Research Is the Latest Example of Scientific Overreach". Slate.
  30. King, Tracy (1 May 2018). "Sajid Javid and the strange science behind power poses". the Guardian. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  31. Davis-Laack, Paula (5 January 2016). "How To Bring Presence To Your Biggest Challenges". Forbes. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.
  32. "Best Sellers / Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous". The New York Times. 7 February 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016.
  33. Robinson, Melia; Lebowitz, Shana; Maisch, Andreas (2 January 2016). ""Power-Posen": So einfach verbessert ihr mit Körpersprache euer Selbstbewusstsein ("Power-poses": Improve your self-confidence with body language". Business Insider. Germany. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016.
  34. Heidi Grant Halvorson, "The Top 10 Psychology Studies of 2010. Ten great studies from 2010 that can improve your life", Psychology Today, 20 December 2010.
  35. "PopTech Annual Conference". 'Talk of the Day', October 21, 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  36. "Young Global Leaders 2014 - World Economic Forum". widgets.weforum.org. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  37. Cuddy, Amy (19 March 2012). "Game Changers, Innovators and problem solvers that are inspiring change in America". Time. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012. "Amy Cuddy, Power Poser. Using a few simple tweaks to body language, Harvard researcher Amy Cuddy discovers ways to help people become more powerful"
  38. "Rising Star Award, 2011". Psychological Science. Association for Psychological Science (APS).
  39. "Harvard Business Review". The HBR List: Breakthrough Ideas for 2009. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  40. "BBC 100 Women: Who is on the list?". BBC News. 1 November 2017.
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