Andrea Smith (academic)

Andrea Lee Smith is an American academic, feminist, and activist. Smith's work has primarily focused on issues of violence against women of color and their communities, specifically Native American women. Formerly an assistant professor of American Culture and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, she is also a co-founder of INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence, the Boarding School Healing Project, and the Chicago chapter of Women of All Red Nations.

Andrea Smith
Andrea Smith in 2011
Born
San Francisco, California, U.S.
Occupations
  • Academic
  • activist
Academic background
Alma materHarvard University (BA)
Union Theological Seminary (MDiv)
University of California, Santa Cruz (PhD)
University of California Irvine School of Law
Academic work
Institutions
Main interests
  • Feminist studies
  • Native American studies

Smith is currently employed as a professor in the Department of Ethnic Studies at University of California, Riverside. In August 2023, the university announced that she would resign from the university in August 2024 to become an emerita professor, due to charges that she "made fraudulent claims to Native American identity in violation of the Faculty Code of Conduct provisions concerning academic integrity."[1][2]

Since at least 1991, Smith has claimed to be Cherokee. However, she has never been enrolled in a recognized Cherokee tribe, and genealogist David Cornsilk, who has said Smith hired him twice to research her claims of heritage, found no evidence of Cherokee ancestry for Smith. The controversy over Smith's claim to be Cherokee received relatively little attention outside academic circles until 2015, when her claim was more widely publicized in more mainstream media outlets like The New York Times Magazine.[3] A number of Native American scholars, including a group of Cherokee women in academia,[4] have rejected Smith's self-identification as Cherokee, and The Daily Beast has dubbed Smith "the Native American Rachel Dolezal".[5][6][7]

Early life and education

Smith was born to Helen Jean Wilkinson and Donald R. Smith[3] in San Francisco, and grew up in Southern California.[8] She has one sister.[3] Although her family is descended primarily from British and Scandinavian immigrants to the US, like some white Americans, she and her sister grew up hearing stories about the possibility of a distant Native American ancestor.[3]

Smith earned her bachelor's degree at Harvard University in Comparative Study of Religion, and her Masters of Divinity at the Union Theological Seminary in 1997.[9][10] In 2002, she received her Ph.D. in History of Consciousness from UC Santa Cruz; her dissertation was on the Bible, gender, and nationalism in both the American Indian communities and among activists of the Christian Right.[11]

Activism and professional work

Smith has long been active in anti-violence activism, serving as a rape crisis counselor and starting the Chicago chapter of Women of All Red Nations.[12] Along with Nadine Naber, Smith co-founded INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence in 2000, and she plays a prominent role in its National Planning Committee.[13][14] INCITE! is a national grassroots organization that engages in direct action and critical dialogue to end violence against women of color and their communities.[15]

Smith was also a founding member of the Boarding School Healing Project (BSHP).[16] According to its website, the BSHP "seeks to document Native boarding school abuses so that Native communities can begin healing ... and demand justice."[17] Smith has worked with Amnesty International as a Bunche Fellow, coordinating the research project on sexual violence and American Indian women.[18] She represented the Indigenous Women's Network and the American Indian Law Alliance at the United Nations World Conference Against Racism in 1991.[8] In 2005, Smith, in recognition of her research and work regarding violence against women of color in the US, was among 1000 women nominated as a group for the Nobel Peace Prize by Ruth-Gaby Vermot-Mangold, a Swiss parliament member.[19] As of March 2013, Smith serves as the U.S. Coordinator for the Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians.[20]

Smith and her sister Justine were faculty members at the North American Institute for Indigenous Theological Studies.[21]

Critical work

Smith's critical work centers on genocide and acts of violence against Native women. She discusses patriarchy as a tool of settler colonial violence used to subdue and eradicate Native women. In her text Conquest: Sexual Violence And American Indian Genocide, Smith gives a genealogical study of state-sanctioned violence against Native women and against their reproductive health from early America to the 19th century.

Smith's work makes a critical intervention in Native American Studies which she argues has a tendency to dismiss patriarchy as outside the purview of analysis of Native scholarship. Most Native scholars dismiss patriarchy because they identify it as a uniquely Western manifestation forced onto Native populations through assimilation. Smith argues that despite the fact that patriarchy is not intrinsic to Native society, its fundamental importance in the domination and extermination of Native peoples and Native women in particular should not be discounted.[22]

Awards

Controversies

Tenure denial

On February 22, 2008, Smith was denied tenure from the College of Literature, Science and the Arts at the University of Michigan.[25] This decision attracted "an unusual degree of attention from scholars, both at Ann Arbor and nationally."[26] Some 30 faculty and students concluded "the University's tenure evaluation process discriminates against women of color and interdisciplinary professors."[27]

Smith's misrepresentations about her identity also played a role in the tenure dispute. Cherokee genealogist David Cornsilk stated that Smith "told [him] her employment depended on finding proof of Indian heritage." When she was denied tenure by the University of Michigan, she suggested discrimination on the basis of her "Native American descent".[28]

Cherokee ancestry claim

Since at least 1991, Smith has publicly claimed to be Cherokee although she has never been enrolled in any federally recognized Cherokee tribe, and no Cherokee ancestry has ever been found for her.[29][6][30]

At a conference in 2007, Smith was said to admit her uncertainty regarding possible Cherokee descent to Cherokee citizens and scholars Patti Jo King and Richard Allen, apologizing and agreeing to set the record straight.[6][4][31] Native lawyer Steve Russell (Cherokee Nation) publicly accused Smith of ethnic fraud in a 2008 editorial published by Indian Country Today, but it was not widely read.[32] Smith failed to set the record straight, and her lack of documented Cherokee descent became "something of an open secret" until 2015. She continued to be identified at professional events as Cherokee or Native American, and claimed it was part of the reason for her denial of tenure at the University of Michigan (see above). Following the media attention surrounding activist Rachel Dolezal in 2015, who falsely claimed African-American identity, an anonymous Tumblr blog entitled Andrea Smith is not Cherokee, was published, listing a chronology of book and conference biographies of Smith that refer to her purported Cherokee ancestry.[33][34]

The Daily Beast picked up Smith's story, and it attracted national attention.[6][35] The Daily Beast dubbed Smith "the Native American Rachel Dolezal".[5][6][7]

Cherokee Nation-United Keetoowah Band genealogist David Cornsilk has claimed that Smith hired him twice in the 1990s to research her genealogy and that he found no proof of Cherokee ancestry.[6][30] In an open letter published in Indian Country Today in July 2015, Cornsilk stated that the Cherokee are a very well-documented people, and he asserts that Cherokee citizenship is based on recognition by the Cherokee people and participation in the community, not by an individual such as Smith asserting a belief in a self-derived, independent identity.[30] Cornsilk has written that "fact speaks loud and clear that not only is Andrea Smith not enrolled, SHE IS NOT A CHEROKEE".[30]

In the ensuing controversy, some supporters of Smith started a group blog entitled Against a Politics of Disposability.[35] Incite!, the collective that Smith helped to found, told The Daily Beast, "We support Andy Smith and the self-determination of all First Nations People. Incite would rather place our collective resources into abolishing settler colonialism than in perpetuating this ideology by policing her racial and tribal identity."[6]

However, Native American scholars and activists have largely spoken in opposition to Smith.[30][35][36] An open letter, signed by twelve Native American women scholars, reads in part, "Asking for accountability to our communities and collectivities is not limited to Andrea Smith. Asking for transparency, self-reflexivity, and honesty about our complex histories and scholarly investments is motivated by the desire to strengthen ethical Indigenous scholarship by both Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars."[37] They also noted the names of numerous Indigenous scholars who have made contributions in the same field as Smith, saying that they had sometimes been overlooked.[37] They continued, "Andrea Smith has a decades-long history of self-contradictory stories of identity and affiliation testified to by numerous scholars and activists, including her admission to four separate parties that she has no claim to Cherokee ancestry at all."[37] The scholars have claimed that Smith's actions damaged trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars and were used to advance her own professional career.[37]

Five Cherokee women scholars, including Dr. Patti Jo King, published an open letter, saying that Smith's false claims damaged tribal integrity and kinship, and that she had tried to build her career on a false base. King said, "since Andrea Smith has never been affiliated with any of our communities, she is a cultural outsider."[4] King added that "it is Smith’s deception—not her enrollment status and not her advocacy—that constitutes the central issue.'[35]

Native American studies ethnographer David Shorter wrote, "Andrea Smith surely thinks she is Cherokee; or she did at some point. She has been asked repeatedly to either stop claiming Cherokee identity or to either authenticate her claims through a reliable kinship, through ties to a specific family, or through the Cherokee Nation’s official process for enrollment."[38]

Smith's sister, Justine, has also claimed Cherokee ancestry and is likewise accused of ethnic fraud. She allegedly falsified a tribal card of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. Justine, who has the same parents as Andrea, also claims Ojibwe heritage.[21][36] She was announced as Native American when hired by the Saint Paul School of Theology in Oklahoma, but left after three months after being confronted about her identity when the Cherokee Nation disputed her claim.[35]

Andrea Smith responded to the protests and accusations in July 2015 with a statement on her blog asserting that her "enrollment status does not impact [her] Cherokee identity," and that she always has been and always will be Cherokee.[39][7]

In May 2021, an article by Sarah Viren for The New York Times Magazine detailed how Smith has continued to be published as an academic despite overwhelming evidence that she is not Cherokee as she claims.[3]

In August 2023, Smith's employer, the University of California, Riverside, announced in a press release that Smith would resign from the university with effect in August 2024 to become an emerita professor. Thirteen faculty members at Riverside alleged that Smith had "made fraudulent claims to Native American identity in violation of the Faculty Code of Conduct provisions concerning academic integrity."[1] While Smith denied the charges, the "separation agreement and release of all claims", with the resignation/retirement date, was mutually agreed to by Smith and the University.[1]

Selected publications

Smith is the author of the following books:

  • Sacred Sites, Sacred Rites (1998) ISBN B0006R030E
  • Conquest: Sexual Violence and American Indian Genocide (2005) ISBN 978-0-89608-743-9
  • Native Americans and the Christian Right: The Gendered Politics of Unlikely Alliances (2008) ISBN 978-0-8223-4163-5
  • Unreconciled: From Racial Reconciliation to Racial Justice in Christian Evangelicalism, Duke University Press (2019) ISBN 978-1-4780-0640-4

Smith edited and/or co-edited the following anthologies:

  • The Color of Violence: The INCITE! Anthology (2006) ISBN 978-0-89608-762-0
  • The Revolution Will Not Be Funded: Beyond the Non-Profit Industrial Complex (2007) ISBN 978-0-89608-766-8
  • Theorizing Native Studies, Duke University Press (2014) ISBN 978-0-8223-5679-0
  • Native Studies Keywords, University of Arizona Press (2015) ISBN 978-0-8165-3150-9
  • Evangelical Theologies of Liberation and Justice, InterVarsity Press (2019) ISBN 978-0-8308-5246-8
  • Otherwise Worlds, Duke University Press (2020) ISBN 978-1-4780-0838-5

See also

References
  1. Quinn, Ryan. "Professor Leaving University After Being Dubbed 'Pretendian' for Years". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
  2. Patel, Vimal (August 27, 2023). "Prominent Scholar Who Claimed to Be Native American Resigns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  3. Viren, Sarah (May 25, 2021). "The Native Scholar Who Wasn't". New York Times Magazine. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
  4. Pamela Thurman; Ellen Whitehouse; Pamela Kingfisher; Carol Cornsilk; Patti Jo King (July 17, 2015). "Cherokee Women Scholars' and Activists' Statement on Andrea Smith". Indian Country Today Media Network. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
  5. Jasnick, Scott (July 6, 2015). "Fake Cherokee?". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
  6. Allen, Samantha (June 30, 2015). "Meet the Native American Rachel Dolezal". Daily Beast. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  7. ICTMN Staff (July 9, 2015). "Andrea Smith Releases Statement on Current Media Controversy". Indian Country Today. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  8. "Global Feminisms Project:Project Site: United States: Interviewees". Archived from the original on March 23, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  9. "The Bible and the American Myth: A Symposium on the Bible and Constructions of Meaning", Studies in American Biblical Hermeneutics (16)
  10. "Unitas Distinguished Alumni/ae Awards". Union Theological Seminary. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  11. "Gendered Citizenships. Transnational Perspectives on Knowledge Production, Political Activism, and Culture". Google Books. Palgrave Macmillan. 2009. p. 206.
  12. Maria Cotera (June 24, 2003). "Global Feminisms Comparative Case Studies of Women's Activism and Scholarship" (PDF). University of Michigan. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 23, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2008. (PDF)
  13. "National Planning Committee". INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence. Archived from the original on August 4, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
  14. Max Sussman (May 29, 2007). "INCITE! Women of Color Against Violence: An Interview with co-founders Nadine Naber and Andrea Smith" (22). Critical Moment. Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. "Andrea Smith". South End Press. Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved September 17, 2007.
  16. Marty Logan (May 24, 2004). "Native Americans to demand compensation". Final Call News. Retrieved November 18, 2007.
  17. "Boarding School Healing Project". Boarding School Healing Project. Retrieved November 18, 2007.
  18. "Annual General Meeting 2003". Amnesty International USA. Retrieved November 18, 2007.
  19. "U-M professor among those nominated for Nobel". Archived from the original on April 21, 2014.
  20. Mari Herreras (March 7, 2013). "INCITE! Andrea Smith to Speak at UA, JVYC". Tucson Weekly. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  21. "NAIITS faculty". North American Institute for Indigenous Theological Studies. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 2, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  22. Andrea Smith (Spring 2003). "Not an Indian Tradition: The Sexual Colonization of Native Peoples" (PDF). Hypatia. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 13, 2013.. Retrieved March 24, 2013
  23. "2005 Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award Winners". Gustavus Myers Center. Archived from the original on December 4, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2007.
  24. "The Phenomenal Woman Awards 2010". California State University, Northridge. Archived from the original on August 3, 2010. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
  25. "Statement of University of Michigan Students and Faculty in Support of Andrea Smith's Tenure Case". February 27, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  26. Scott Jaschik (March 10, 2008). "Concern Over Michigan Tenure Case". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2008.
  27. Elizabeth Lai (March 6, 2008). "More than 30 faculty, students sent letter to LSA dean alleging pattern of discrimination". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  28. Allen, Samantha (July 1, 2015). "Meet the Native American Rachel Dolezal". The Daily Beast. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
  29. Andy Smith (November/December 1991), "For All Those Who Were Indian in a Former Life," Ms. Magazine, p44-45
  30. David Cornsilk (July 10, 2015). "An Open Letter to Defenders of Andrea Smith: Clearing Up Misconceptions about Cherokee Identification". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  31. Mark Edwin Miller, Claiming Tribal Identity: The Five Tribes and the Politics of Federal Acknowledgment, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013
  32. Russell, Steve (April 4, 2008). "Russell: When Does Ethnic Fraud Matter?". Indian Country Today Media Network. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  33. "Andrea Smith is not Cherokee". Tumblr. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  34. Viren, Sarah (May 25, 2021). "The Native Scholar Who Wasn't". New York Times Magazine. Retrieved August 19, 2023. an anonymous Tumblr titled "Andrea Smith Is Not Cherokee" that collected stories and documentation disputing Smith's identity as well as her sister's. That attention prompted David Cornsilk to speak publicly about his genealogical work for Smith; and with him as a key source, The Daily Beast ran an article calling Smith the 'Native American Rachel Dolezal.'
  35. Samantha Allen (July 11, 2015). "Tribes Blast 'Wannabe' Native American Professor". The Daily Beast. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
  36. Russell, Steve (July 1, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal Outs Andrea Smith Again; Will Anybody Listen This Time?". Indian Country Today Media Network. Archived from the original on August 5, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  37. "Open Letter From Indigenous Women Scholars Regarding Discussions of Andrea Smith". Indian Country Today. July 7, 2015. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  38. Shorter, David (July 1, 2015). "Four Words for Andrea Smith: 'I'm Not an Indian'". Indian Country Today Media. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
  39. Andrea Smith (July 9, 2015). "My Statement on the Current Media Controversy". wordpress. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
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